Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy

Customer Reviews:

Ruse Again an Enigma.......2007-01-01

This book claims to evaluate two Darwinian off-shoots: Evolutionary epistemology and evolutionary ethics. Ruse claims he is a Darwinian naturalist, philosopher, and historian. Charitably, Ruse's interpretation of Karl Popper differs widely from my own, but Ruse's own juxtaposition of texts betrays his own interpretation. He quotes Popper, "growth of our knowledge is the result of a process closely resembling what Darwin called 'natural selection'," to which Ruse retorts, "Popper is still convinced that scientific knowledge is truly exactly analogous to the change which occurs within organic groups" (62). Yes, "resembling" is a form of analogy, but not "truly exactly analogous." Ruse is misstating Popper with interpolated hyperbole. Why? Then Ruse complains that Popper makes these "mistakes" to preserve his "metaphysics" (64). The mistakes are all Ruse's, especially if Ruse thinks Popper has a "metaphysics." One is free to misinterpret and mis-characterize Popper, but claiming Popper's mistakes flow from his metaphysics is one of the most outrageous claims I've ever read, unless Ruse's private language has a special meaning for "metaphysics."

It gets worse. Apparently Ruse does not know the difference between "ethics" and "morality," which is incredible if he claims to be a philosopher. But he uses "ethics," when he clearly means "morality." And Ruse means deontic morality in specific (which excludes de facto ethics). "Morality," writes Ruse, "is about what we 'ought' or 'should' do . . . it is a set against universal prohibitions . . . there is a certain 'prescriptive' as opposed to descriptive, air to morality . . . about 'good,' 'bad,' and 'right,' and 'wrong'" (69, passim). But he really wants "ethics," despite his dogged moral deontology. For only benevolence ethics fits an evolutionary ethics, and evolutionary ethics is his focus. So, who does he cite for his "evolutionary ethics?" Why Kant and Bentham, the two most deontic moralists, who cannot be "fit" into an evolutionary ethics.

Of course, Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Thomas Reid, the 18th C. benevolence theorists would have been the "obvious" candidates for Ruse to use to describe benevolence ethics, which, as history has shown, anticipates beautifully "reciprocal altruism" empirically validated two centuries later by Trivers, Williams, and Hamilton. Does Ruse cite these Scots? He briefly introduces Hume, but mischarcterizes Hume too! Does he draw the "obvious" connections between Smith's benevolence ethics in the "Theory of Moral Sentiments" and Trivers's "Reciprocal Altruism?" No. Smith isn't mentioned. Nor is Trivers. So what "evolutionary ethics" does Ruse have in mind? Why Kant's categorical imperative and Bentham's utilitarian calculus! Huh? One cannot get to an evolutionary "ethics" from the deontological moral imperatives of Kant and Bentham!

The final straw was Ruse's use of Hume's "is/ought" (fact/value) distinction, which Ruse identifies as the "naturalistic fallacy." (Technically, many philosophers do this, even through the latter is G. E. Moore's jargon for a different species of distinction altogether.) But then, Ruse cites G. E. Moore and proceeds to ignore the fact that Moore's naturalistic fallacy is NOT the "is/ought" distinction of Hume! If Moore had not been introduced, we'd overlook the retrograde nominalism of Hume's "is/ought" distinction and call it the "naturalistic fallacy" without being too technical about the misuse. But to raise Moore just won't allow the conflation of Moore's naturalistic fallacy with Hume's is/ought distinction. And Ruse then misses the whole point behind Moore's idea (Moore was addressing the "good" which is not the Humean fact/value distinction at all.)

These three examples allow a charitable description of Ruse as "confused, naive, and ignorant." But, if Ruse cannot get right what are ostensibly his "targets," it really matters not what he attacks, because he's attacking his own straw men or other fanciful notions, but not the ACTUAL subjects that he mislabels evolutionary epistemology and ethics at the outset. Unfortunately, similar ruses occur in other Ruse works (another whopper is his "Homosexuality"). One has to wonder where he gets his mistaken ideas, or why he thinks he "slays" targets that don't even exist? Or else just ignore his particular projects as tangential incoherences at best.

Thinking about evolution.......2003-11-25

Evolution and ethics? Natural selection and morals? Michael Ruse's penetrating survey deftly handles these contentious topics. In this superbly conceived and illuminating book, he presents the foundations of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. He goes on to explain how the long-standing philosophical questions can be addressed through a better understanding of evolution. Ruse accepts evolution as a fact, asserting we must reconsider traditional concepts to adapt to that reality. While he uses biological examples to illustrate some of his points, the important theme is to adjust our thinking. Clearly, he reminds us, evolution is more than a mechanical process. We must understand it in order to comprehend ourselves and to address our own future in a rational manner.

Many have attempted to engage in that process with varying degrees of success. He explores the realm of evolutionary epistomology - how theories of knowledge were changed by Darwinism. How has it been applied in human affairs? Here Ruse displays his excellence in addressing this fundamental issue. His strengths as a philosopher and Darwinist are combined to explain Darwin's idea in light of human experience. Not many historical commentators have been successful at this enterprise for various reasons. Natural selection usurped the notion of a divinity guiding nature's course. What then, could be considered a replacement for divine intervention? Philosophers such as Herbert Spencer replaced divine guidance with the notion that evolution was a progressive force. There was a goal to the process, and that goal in his view [and that of many others] was the evolution of humans.

Humanity's intellect led to issues of ethics and morals - we could pose questions about the value of life and how we interact with one another. What is humanity's place in the world? What, if anything, is beyond what we can perceive? Although many philosophers and commentators permeate this study, the figures of Immanuel Kant and David Hume loom large. Kant, of course, finally concluded that a divine must be present as a prime source for human values. Hume's stress on empiricism was more applicable in a Darwinian view of the world. Yet, Ruse stresses, none of these thinkers was able to address "fundamental" questions realistically, since they lacked the information the Darwinian Revolution set in motion.

None of these thinkers were able to address questions of morality and ethics in a Darwinian sense. Ruse, himself, takes up that challenge resolving it successfully. He cites the new generation of studies centred on evolutionary psychology. The application of game theory, modern genetics and kinship altruism are carefully explained and applied to the human condition. Ruse is an effective narrator is presenting the various arguments that have been set forth by various philosophers. He's attentive to central themes and provides them in meaningful fashion. He points out where the proposals break down and why. In the end, there is one man who stands above all contenders. That man, of course, is Darwin himself.

Given the nature of the material, this is a book to be read with care. Although Ruse's style is clear and unambiguous, the concepts are important. He gives them due recognition and explains them fully. But these are not topics that can be glossed over with a simplistic style. Ruse does an excellent job, giving this book a unique place in evolutionary studies. Thoroughly researched and ably crafted, it's a welcome effort. [stephen a. haines - Ottawa, Canada]

A philosophy of science for evolution, a simple explanation?.......2003-08-28

TAKING DARWIN SERIOUSLY by Michael Ruse, a philosophical look at natural selection at the borderline of chimpanzees and humans, both of which must have started with some forms of adaptation that produced science and logic, which are now much easier to see in the humans, keeps returning to the desire to find that science was a result of epigenetic rules. The philosophy sought as a support for science and morality clings to respectability in the face of the outrageous absurdity which is typical of sit-com situations and modern life. Since Popper produced the idea in 1959, 1962, that "a genuinely scientific theory must expose itself to the real world. It must be falsifiable" (p. 151), the world has provided impressive support for the comic supposition that we have probably been wrong about everything so far, whenever stupidity is rapidly gaining ground, and we have plenty to laugh about with good reason.

There is some informative material on Kant, a philosopher not known for comedy. "This was the nub of Kant's so-called `Copernican revolution' in philosophy. The mind does not passively receive knowledge. It actively participates in its creation." (p. 179). Throughout the book, credit is given to whatever cultural accomplishments of our biological ancestors produced the ultimate survival of a bipedal big-brain species such as we are, which must be the result of superior adaptation to the conditions of existence. Like Kant, who once investigated fantastic stories about Swedenborg, being familiar with the common form of religion as it is practiced by his contemporaries is no barrier to the thoughts of Michael Ruse in trying to figure out how people have become far more successful than we might otherwise have been.

Taking a thoroughly modern view, the book of Job in the Bible is summarized in terms we should understand. "A happy and successful businessman is tormented by one misfortune after another, and none of it of his own making. Why did not Job curse God, which would have certainly been the rational thing to do? Because, as the astute author of the Book knew full well, when things go wrong you need something to help you go on living (literally). And if that something is belief in a supreme being, then so be it, even though such belief may be blatantly anti-scientific." (p. 177). The Prologue of the Book of Job tells us that the fire of God fell from heaven and burned up his sheep and shepherds, but it also gives us, as readers, a basis for blaming Job's troubles on Satan, the Sabaeans who stole his oxen and donkeys, and the Chaldaeans who raided his camels. TAKING DARWIN SERIOUSLY was published in 1986, a year in which Libya was condemned by our global superpower for terrorism on a scale that would have been as annoying to Job, but not quite on the scale of what finally happened on September 11, 2001, when religious fanatics were a major force (using airplanes instead of a gale) directed against great wealth precisely like Job 1:19: "when suddenly from the wilderness a gale sprang up, and it battered all four corners of the house which fell in on the young people. They are dead: I alone escaped to tell you." In 2003, news is often about bombs which have shown the same antipathy and effect on buildings, buses, and military vehicles, in a manner which reflects Job 3:8: "Let them curse it who curse the day, who are prepared to rouse Leviathan." Back before we had a settled order, cursing was a common experience of those who were not settled, and, as THE JERUSALEM BIBLE explains, Leviathan was "The dragon of primeval chaos; he might be roused by a curse against the existing order."

There is not much on destruction in TAKING DARWIN SERIOUSLY, and the attention to philosophy is directed mainly to supporting a scientific conception of rules which work, as opposed to techniques which might end all life as we know it. Reproduction and sex are not listed in the index, which is mostly last name, first initial, though "Creation-science" is listed to make sure that no one misses the arguments against it. "Note also, incidentally, how frequently devotees of non-science defend their beliefs and practices by reference to supposed principles of science, real and apparent. Astrologers claim to be more scientific than astronomers, chiropractors more scientific than doctors, and Creationists more scientific than evolutionists (Gish, 1972). Rationality is important to us all, no matter how strong may be the call of other forces. (Although Creation-science was developed as a political ploy, I am sure its devotees think it is genuinely scientific)." (p. 178).

What humankind has shown most abundantly is a desire to make the rules, whatever form the rules might take in a particular setting. Calling Job a businessman might be appropriate for a scholarly milieu in which business is expected to employ most of the students when they graduate, and business is the primary source of research contracts and grants for expansion. Michael Ruse finds much more progress (trying to reach an explicit goal) in science, our ability to understand the basic situation which we face in the universe, than in the success produced by random, gradual changes produced by selection of naturally occurring genetic variety. I continue to think that Darwin was willing to show that sex could be considered a major factor in selection of whose gene pool would be reproduced in each generation, but Michael Ruse might be more traditional in thinking that morality is the major factor limiting sex, and upper crust in thinking that sex is the major selection mechanism likely to produce a future in which humankind could be much less scientific than we are today. We will certainly be much less scientific than we could be, but our cursing might become better, for all that.

Evolution of Ethics.......2001-05-13

This work is of ironic interest to a skeptical critic of natural selection for the clarity of its presentation with the resultant demonstration of the exposed flank of Darwinism in relation to issues of ethics, indeed philosophy in general. This is a new edition of Ruse's book, with its embrace of sociobiological thinking, with an additional chapter that amounts to not much except indignation on the recent attacks on evolution by the Intelligent Design movement. A strange thing happens as the philosopher construes a theory of ethics in relation to evolution. We see the proper and interesting treatments of Hume, Kant, substantive and meta-ethics, with a prompt dismissal of some of the more baseless versions of sociobiological thinking. Hume has won out, Kant is off the team, all is empirically nip and tuck and we are sailing away under epigenetic steam. The problem as ever is the inadequacy of the basic assumption, that natural selection is the prime mover of all forms of evolution, and therefore an ace in the hole for the evolutionary thinker, a problem solved. Without that ace, the Darwinist is stripped of his science medal and cast out with less assurance into the ranks of bedouin philosophers, and other hard luck cases trying to play Socrates in public places, probably between bumming meals. The treatment of Kant would suggest the basic difficulty in the whole project of evolutionary ethics, granting Ruse's reasonable and not uncommon (though probably wrong!) critique of the Categorical Imperative. But behind that issue lies the deeper significance of the Kantian challenge to the combined failure of rationalism and empiricism, along with its exploration of the antinomy of freedom and necessity that forever haunts producing a theory of ethical evolution. Kant's thinking forewarns sternly of the concealed reverse-metaphysics of Darwinian empiricism, and experience shows us that 'natural selection' is really a metaphysically charged thesis, indeed precisely because of its erstatz claims on all ethical questions, as a decision procedure against all other philosophizing. Something wrong somewhere! In general, we must believe that natural selection resolves the interiority of 'self' that is presupposed in a creature, but no creature thus is truly found by a Darwinist. In the end, the philosopher of evolution must ask what grounds he has in general to select among philosophies, if a theory of evolution must explicate the emergence of philosophizing. Hegel, whatever we think of him, knew he had to explicate 'all thought' for an account of evolution. We should remain suspicious that no theory is possible that includes the present, and that man has not yet evolved an ethical understanding to do evolution at all. Without some statement as to the cutoff between history and evolution, we are confronted with a theorist inside evolution trying to observe what he is in fact still evolving. These paradoxes nullify all hard claims to science in the basic endeavor.

very good resource.......2001-03-20

This is an engaging read for students who want to grapple with a lot of
the details of Darwinism that tend to get left out of more fluffy
popularizations of evolution. For example a good chapter reviewing
the basic (but rarely reviewed) facts supporting the theory--
in particular the subtle difference between early hominids' and
homo sapiens' abililty to develop articulate speech. Particularly
excellent, though, is the last chapter dealing with the rhetorical
(but scientifically empty) attacks on Darwinism made by some
conservatives.

Book Description

From the talus slopes of the Saddle Mountains to peachleaf willows at Rattlesnake Springs, Northwest Arid Lands explores the rich variety of life in shrub-steppe lands of the Columbia River Basin. This significant but long overshadowed region of the interior West is the site of one of the countryís most recent national monuments.

Designed to be easily carried in the field, this book is for everyone who loves natural history. Whether used to explore the new Hanford Reach National Monument or a backyard, the book will serve as a useful guide to the shrub-steppe region.

Features: Color photos and maps of shrub-steppe plants and animals,Lists and illustrations of common plants, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, birds, fish, and species of conservation concern,Tips on places to see wildflowers and wildlife,Geologic travel logs from the Tri-Cities to Seattle and Spokane,Comprehensive bibliography and definitions of ecological terms, and Voices and visions of local ecologists, biologists, and geologists

Customer Reviews:

The Original Columbia Plateau.......2002-01-25

As exemplified in song by Woodie Guthrie when he extolled the virtues of the great dams on the Columbia River and the subsequent development of irrigated agriculture, man's focus on the Columbia Plateau has been on how it can serve him. Now a new book has emerged that explores the geology, soils, flora and fauna of the region and its shrub-steppe ecosystems. This book serves as primer for all who would seek to understand these natural systems...a starting point for further exploration, both on the ground and in the regional libraries. The book is a gentle reminder of the natural richness of this region and the need to preserve the remaining habitat for future generations so that the land can continue to serve man, but in a different way, enriching our lives through the knowledge that soils derived from the harsh reality of volcanic eruption in conjunction with simple associations of grasses and shrubs can form the basis for a complex and enduring living system.

The Original Columbia Plateau.......2002-01-25

Book Description

Take a trip along France's most famous and fascinating river, the Loire. With Cadogan's indispensable guidance, readers will discover the best chateaux, churches, underground caverns, towns and cities, and find the best places to stop off and sample the local wine.

Customer Reviews:

A must buy!.......2007-05-23

I stumbled on a copy of this at a local used book store and picked it up for some background reading on the cheap. When my husband and I left on a bike trip through the Loire, with only two panniers a piece on our bikes, this was the only book I took (besides a bike book with our route). It was invaluable! It covered all the little sights we passed on the way and gave us fascinating background of every place we went. We learned so much from it that it really added to our adventure. I never wished I had another book. Now I look for a Cadogan Guide for every trip we take. This author though is particularly good. We are going on another bike trip soon and I was delighted to see that he is also the author of their Brittany Guide.

The definitive Loire Valley........2005-07-30

My husband and I are fortunate enough to have the opportunity to travel once or twice a year. I always plan for our trips by buying and studying 3 guidebooks, one with lots of pictures, the Blue Guide to the site in question, and if available, the Cadogan guide. Most guide books contain practical information and cover the major tourist attractions almost like a top-ten list. The Cadogan guides, written by individuals who have lived in the region, delve much deeper, providing coverage of smaller, little known places that are fun to find and explore. I know of no better way to discover and experience local life and color. We are independent travellers, almost always booking flights, cars, and reservations on our own on the web. We also enjoy delving into places off the beaten track. The detail in Cadogan is much more encompassing than that in any other guide we have used. The driving directions are usually right on the money. Its literary, architectural, and historical information is particularly helpful. We have discovered many little known gems because of these guides. If you prefer group tours that stop for short periods at several locations, Loire and other Cadogan books are too detailed. But if you have the time to wander a bit, these are the guides for you.
Regarding Loire specifically, we visited the valley in March, when many of the major chateaux were not yet open for the season. Using this guide, we found more than enough wonderful places to explore. Chateaux, troglodytes, restaurants, art, history, Joan of Arc, Eleanor of Aquitaine, scenic vistas.... An added bonus is the enjoyment of rereading the guide to stimulate memories of where we've been. Can't recommend Loire highly enough.

Average customer rating:
The Maya Knew
Pine & Levine
Manufacturer: McGraw - Hill Book Company Inc
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

Mayan | Ancient | History | Subjects | Books
ASIN: B000K6LD0K

Average customer rating:
The Maya Knew
Pine & Lavine
Manufacturer: McGraw - Hill Book Company Inc
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

Mayan | Ancient | History | Subjects | Books
ASIN: B000K6EGAO

Average customer rating:
The Maya knew,
Tillie S Pine
Manufacturer: McGraw-Hill
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Unknown Binding

General | History & Historical Fiction | Children's Books | Subjects | Books
ASIN: 0070500827

Average customer rating:
The Maya Knew
Tillie S.; Levine, Joseph Pine
Manufacturer: McGraw-Hill
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

Mayan | Ancient | History | Subjects | Books
ASIN: B000OG2TSG

Average customer rating:
Contemporary General Biology Laboratory Manual
Hull
Manufacturer: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Spiral-bound
ASIN: 0787274550

Book Description

Hardbound.

Book Description

Reliability is an essential concept in mathematics, computing, research, and all disciplines of engineering, and reliability as a characteristic is, in fact, a probability. Therefore, in this book, the author uses the statistical approach to reliability modelling along with the MINITAB software package to provide a comprehensive treatment of modelling, from the basics through advanced modelling techniques. The book begins by presenting a thorough grounding in the elements of modelling the lifetime of a single, non-repairable unit. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, the author includes a guide to all the fundamentals of probability theory, defines the various measures associated with reliability, then describes and discusses the more common lifetime models: the exponential, Weibull, normal, lognormal and gamma distributions. She concludes the groundwork by looking at ways of choosing and fitting the most appropriate model to a given data set, paying particular attention to two critical points: the effect of censored data and estimating lifetimes in the tail of the distribution. The focus then shifts to topics somewhat more difficult: o the difference in the analysis of lifetimes for repairable versus non-repairable systems and whether repair truly "renews" the system o methods for dealing with system with reliability characteristic specified for more than one component or subsystem o the effect of different types of maintenance strategies o the analysis of life test data The final chapter provides snapshot introductions to a range of advanced models and presents two case studies that illustrate various ideas from throughout the book.

Customer Reviews:

Excellent coverage, some flaws.......2001-05-28

Based on coverage, I'd give this a 4-star rating--it treats all the basics: life distributions, hazard function, fitting to empirical data, load/strength modeling, Markov processes, repairable systems, system reliability (cut/tie sets, fault trees, etc.), maintainability, and so forth; as well as a nice selection of advanced topics. Almost all the technical material relevant to the ASQ Relibility Engineering Certification (and the UK and European equivalents) is there. At about 250 pages, it's quite concise.

There are some notable flaws: Enough misprints in equations to create occasional, but serious, problems for the reader; the presentation is uneven--some mathematical results are derived in fair detail, others are simply presented with no explanation. I was unsure, in many places, whether I was at fault for missing the derivation, or whether there was a misprint (which happened in a number of cases), or whether the author was citing a result without proof. There are many examples, in a few cases confusing because the figure accompanying the example is wrong. The book has no exercises, so an instructor using it as a textbook should expect to invest time in constructing them. There are no tables, so a handbook of statistical tables is a necessary corequisite. (There are a few extracts from tables in the text.)

The publisher's summary has some misleading statements: though MINITAB was apparently used in preparation of the book, there is no explanation or code given. This was not a problem for me, since I don't use MINITAB; but anyone expecting to find details on MINITAB usage for reliability analysis will be disappointed. The required mathematical background is understated--though probability and statistics concepts are reviewed, someone who has never taken a P&S course should not undertake this book. Certain topics, such as the use of Laplace transforms in solving differential equations, are well beyond the advertised prerequisite of "early undergraduate mathematics" (at least in the U.S.--perhaps UK undergraduates are better prepared).

I would hope that in a future edition, the author could rectify some of these flaws, in which case the book would deserve a higher rating. In particular, it would be easy to set some of the examples, and all the missing derivations, as end-of-chapter exercises. For now, the reader with enough patience can expect to learn a lot from this book, but suffer some frustration in the process.

The most readable book on reliability modeling.......2000-10-10

This highly-readable book should serve as an excellent introduction to reliability modeling for engineers and for students of statistics as well as for students intending to specialize in the field. The author gives a reasonable sample of the most important topics in a relatively short space. This includes some discussion of sometimes-difficult issues about choosing the "right" model. My only quarrel with the author is that she has not quite made the transition away from a reliance on published tables to a fully-computer-oriented approach. In the next edition she should present algorithms for solutions of important quantities such as confidence intervals. Nonetheless, I strongly recommend the book.

Book Description

Probably García Márquez's finest and most famous work, One Hun-dred Years of Solitude tells the story of the rise and fall, birth and death of the mythical town of Macondo through the history of the Buendía family. Inventive, amusing, magnetic, sad, alive with unforgettable men and women, and with a truth and understanding that strike the soul, One Hundred Years of Solitude is a masterpiece of the art of fiction.

Gabriel García Márquez was born in 1928 in the town of Araca-taca, Colombia. Latin America's preeminent man of letters, he is considered by many to be one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century. He began his writing career as a journalist and is the author of numerous works of fiction and nonfiction, including Love in the Time of Cholera, The Autumn of the Patriarch, and Collected Stories. His most recent work is a memoir, Living to Tell the Tale. García Már-quez was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982.

Customer Reviews:

Mind Boggle!.......2006-06-06

This story really does take a geniune effort to read. With that it is a fantastic journey that will toy with your emotions in both positive and negative ways. A little confusing at times, but with steady reading it all comes together. Wonderful piece of literature!

Entertainingly ridiculous.......2006-05-11

Gabriel Garcia Marquez' One Hundred Years of Solitude is an incredibly wild, voluminous adventure, and it is chock-full of fantastical events that are so many in number that they make the reader dizzy just trying to keep up. While the book may, at some times, have been confusing for various reasons (such as the exhorbitant amount of characters with the same name), I found myself working past the bewilderment to understand the story; therefore, it was with effort that I enjoyed this book. And enjoy it I did. Although I don't guarantee you'll value you it as I did, I do assure you that it has much worth indeed.

A Very Important Novel.......2006-02-26

One Hundred Years of Solitude is one of the most fascinating books I have ever read ( and I have read thousands).
Marquez is a giant. His skill is like that of a mythical creature, like a Phoenix combined with a hundred great authors.
The pure fact that this book was written by one man is amazing. I don't want to say anything about the story. If you care about great literature, do not let life pass by without reading Marquez' masterpiece.

Average customer rating:

One Hundred Years of Solitude LP
Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Manufacturer: HarperLargePrint
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000OEYL4I

Books:

Books Index

Books Home

Recommended Books