The Implications of Changing Employment Relations for Worker's Compensation
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    The Implications of Changing Employment Relations for Worker's Compensation

    Manufacturer: Workers Compensation Research Institute
    ProductGroup: Book
    Binding: Paperback

    Labor PolicyLabor Policy | Popular Economics | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
    Labor & Industrial RelationsLabor & Industrial Relations | Economics | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
    GeneralGeneral | Insurance | Industries & Professions | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
    GeneralGeneral | Politics | Nonfiction | Subjects | Books
    ASIN: 0935149864

    Exotic Option Pricing and Advanced Lévy Models
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      Exotic Option Pricing and Advanced Lévy Models
      Andreas Kyprianou , Wim Schoutens , and Paul Wilmott
      Manufacturer: Wiley
      ProductGroup: Book
      Binding: Hardcover

      GeneralGeneral | Popular Economics | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
      GeneralGeneral | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
      OptionsOptions | Investing | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
      StocksStocks | Investing | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
      GeneralGeneral | Finance | Accounting & Finance | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
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      1. The Volatility Surface: A Practitioner's Guide (Wiley Finance) The Volatility Surface: A Practitioner's Guide (Wiley Finance)
      2. Financial Modelling with Jump Processes (Chapman & Hall/Crc Financial Mathematics Series) Financial Modelling with Jump Processes (Chapman & Hall/Crc Financial Mathematics Series)
      3. Inside Volatility Arbitrage : The Secrets of Skewness Inside Volatility Arbitrage : The Secrets of Skewness
      4. Volatility and Correlation: The Perfect Hedger and the Fox (Wiley Finance) Volatility and Correlation: The Perfect Hedger and the Fox (Wiley Finance)
      5. Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Engineering (Stochastic Modelling and Applied Probability) Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Engineering (Stochastic Modelling and Applied Probability)

      ASIN: 0470016841

      Book Description

      Since around the turn of the millennium there has been a general acceptance that one of the more practical improvements one may make in the light of the shortfalls of the classical Black-Scholes model is to replace the underlying source of randomness, a Brownian motion, by a Lévy process. Working with Lévy processes allows one to capture desirable distributional characteristics in the stock returns. In addition, recent work on Lévy processes has led to the understanding of many probabilistic and analytical properties, which make the processes attractive as mathematical tools. At the same time, exotic derivatives are gaining increasing importance as financial instruments and are traded nowadays in large quantities in OTC markets. The current volume is a compendium of chapters, each of which consists of discursive review and recent research on the topic of exotic option pricing and advanced Lévy markets, written by leading scientists in this field.

      In recent years, Lévy processes have leapt to the fore as a tractable mechanism for modeling asset returns. Exotic option values are especially sensitive to an accurate portrayal of these dynamics. This comprehensive volume provides a valuable service for financial researchers everywhere by assembling key contributions from the world's leading researchers in the field. Peter Carr, Head of Quantitative Finance, Bloomberg LP.

      This book provides a front-row seat to the hottest new field in modern finance: options pricing in turbulent markets. The old models have failed, as many a professional investor can sadly attest. So many of the brightest minds in mathematical finance across the globe are now in search of new, more accurate models. Here, in one volume, is a comprehensive selection of this cutting-edge research. Richard L. Hudson, former Managing Editor of The Wall Street Journal Europe, and co-author with Benoit B. Mandelbrot of The (Mis)Behaviour of Markets: A Fractal View of Risk, Ruin and Reward

      Land Expropriation in Israel: Law, Culture and Society (Law, Justice and Power)
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        Land Expropriation in Israel: Law, Culture and Society (Law, Justice and Power)
        Yifat Holzman-gazit
        Manufacturer: Ashgate Pub Co
        ProductGroup: Book
        Binding: Hardcover

        GeneralGeneral | Law | Subjects | Books
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        CulturalCultural | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Nonfiction | Subjects | Books
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        ResearchResearch | Law Practice | Law | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
        ASIN: 0754625435
        Law in the Domains of Culture (The Amherst Series in Law, Jurisprudence, and Social Thought)
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          Law in the Domains of Culture (The Amherst Series in Law, Jurisprudence, and Social Thought)

          Manufacturer: University of Michigan Press
          ProductGroup: Book
          Binding: Hardcover

          GeneralGeneral | Law | Subjects | Books
          JurisprudenceJurisprudence | Perspectives on Law | Law | Subjects | Books
          Legal HistoryLegal History | Perspectives on Law | Law | Subjects | Books
          PhilosophyPhilosophy | Law | Subjects | Books
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          JurisprudenceJurisprudence | Perspectives on Law | Law | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
          Legal HistoryLegal History | Perspectives on Law | Law | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
          Mass CommunicationMass Communication | Communication | Social Sciences | Nonfiction | Subjects | Books
          ASIN: 047210862X

          Book Description

          The concept of culture is troublingly vague and, at the same time, hotly contested, and law's relations to culture are as complex, varied and disputed as the concept of culture itself. The concept of the traditional, unified, reified, civilizing idea of culture has come under attack. The growth of cultural studies has played an important role in redefining culture by including popular culture and questions of social stratification, power and social conflict.
          Law and legal studies are relative latecomers to cultural studies. As scholars have come to see law as not something apart from culture and society, they have begun to explore the connections between law and culture. Focusing on the production, interpretation, consumption and circulation of legal meaning, these scholars suggest that law is inseparable from the interests, goals and understandings that deeply shape or compromise social life. Against this background, Law in the Domains of Culture brings the insights and approaches of cultural studies to law and tries to secure for law a place in cultural analysis. This book provides a sampling of significant theoretical issues in the cultural analysis of law and illustrates some of those issues in provocative examples of the genre. Law in the Domains of Culture is designed to encourage the still tentative efforts to forge a new interdisciplinary synthesis, cultural studies of law.
          The contributors are Carol Clover, Rosemary Coombe, Marjorie Garber, Thomas R. Kearns, William Miller, Andrew Ross, Austin Sarat, and Martha Woodmansee.
          Austin Sarat is William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Science, Amherst College. Thomas R. Kearns is William H. Hastie Professor of Philosophy, Amherst College.

          Captive Invertebrates: A Guide to Their Biology and Husbandry
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            Captive Invertebrates: A Guide to Their Biology and Husbandry
            Fredric L. Frye
            Manufacturer: Krieger Publishing Company
            ProductGroup: Book
            Binding: Hardcover

            Insects & SpidersInsects & Spiders | Animals | Biological Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books
            InvertebratesInvertebrates | Zoology | Biological Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books
            Research & EthicsResearch & Ethics | Zoology | Biological Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books
            GeneralGeneral | Science | Subjects | Books
            GeneralGeneral | Agricultural Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books
            GeneralGeneral | Veterinary Medicine | Medicine | Subjects | Books
            Hunting & FishingHunting & Fishing | Outdoors & Nature | Subjects | Books | Fishing | General & Anthologies | Hunting | Shooting
            GeneralGeneral | Agricultural Sciences | Professional Science | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
            GeneralGeneral | Arts & Photography | Subjects | Books
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            ASIN: 0894645552

            Book Description

            Dr. Frye explores the biology of several invertebrate species which are frequently kept in captivity. Invertebrates may be kept as pets, research subjects, study animals, or as live prey for higher animals. Whatever the reason for keeping captive invertebrates, it is important to understand how to care for them properly. Topics in this volume include caging requirements, feeding, reproduction, and medical disorders of captive invertebrates. This book also includes guidelines for those who wish to culture invertebrates as prey species.

            Origins Of Plastids: Symbiogenesis, Prochlorophytes and the Origins of Chloroplasts
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              Origins Of Plastids: Symbiogenesis, Prochlorophytes and the Origins of Chloroplasts
              Ralph A. Lewin
              Manufacturer: Springer
              ProductGroup: Book
              Binding: Hardcover

              GeneralGeneral | Biology | Biological Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books
              GeneralGeneral | Botany | Biological Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books
              PhysiologyPhysiology | Botany | Biological Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books
              GeneralGeneral | Evolution | Science | Subjects | Books
              GeneralGeneral | Science | Subjects | Books
              Lakes & PondsLakes & Ponds | Nature & Ecology | Science | Subjects | Books
              GeneralGeneral | Biology | Biological Sciences | Professional Science | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
              BotanyBotany | Biological Sciences | Professional Science | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
              ASIN: 0412036916

              Book Description

              Origins of Plastids looks at symbiosis and symbiogenesis as a mechanism of evolution. This theory of endosymbiotic evolution postulates that photosynthetic prokaryotes living as endosymbionts within eukaryotic cells gradually evolved into the organelle structures called chloroplasts. The theory is controversial but has been strongly advocated by Lynn Margulis. Based on a colloquium held at the Bodega Bay Marine Laboratory of the University of California at Davis, Origins of Plastids reviews recent data on this most basic problem in plant evolution. In it, leading researchers in the field apply the theory of endosymbiotic evolution to plastid origins, producing an important new reference work for both professionals and graduates interested in the origins of life, the origins of the eukaryotic cell and its organelles, and the evolution of the higher plants in general. Origins of Plastids represents the state-of-the-art in its field. It should find a place on the bookshelves of people interested in microbiology, plant science, phycology, cell biology, and evolution.

              The nature of the chemical bond, and the structure of molecules and crystals: An introduction to modern structural chemistry (The George Fisher Baker non-resident ... in chemistry at Cornell University)
              Average customer rating: 5 out of 5 stars
              • One of the Masterpiece
              • An all time classic
              The nature of the chemical bond, and the structure of molecules and crystals: An introduction to modern structural chemistry (The George Fisher Baker non-resident ... in chemistry at Cornell University)
              Linus Pauling
              Manufacturer: H. Milford, Oxford University Press
              ProductGroup: Book
              Binding: Unknown Binding

              CrystallographyCrystallography | Chemistry | Science | Subjects | Books
              Quantum TheoryQuantum Theory | Physics | Science | Subjects | Books
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              1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry
              2. General Chemistry General Chemistry
              3. Modern Quantum Chemistry: Introduction to Advanced Electronic Structure Theory Modern Quantum Chemistry: Introduction to Advanced Electronic Structure Theory
              4. Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
              5. How to Live Longer And Feel Better How to Live Longer And Feel Better

              ASIN: B0007FGP8E

              Customer Reviews:

              5 out of 5 stars One of the Masterpiece.......2003-08-24

              This book is one of the Masterpiece in Chemistry.
              You simply can not rate this book in stars values. It is one of the EPIC in Chemistry.
              I should say it is a bible or Bhagavad-Gita for chemists,

              5 out of 5 stars An all time classic.......2001-05-13

              "It is better to foresee, even without certainty, than not to foresee at all", writes Linus Pauling in the preface of this book, which has become a bible for chemists.When I first read this book, I thought that it was unnecessarily detailed.But then, as I patiently went through the chapters, I realised that Pauling has truly "foreseen with certainty" in his career and discoveries, which is slowly but surely revealed in this book.I would recommend this book to anyone who is interested in how a few simple scientific ideas lead to the explanation of literally hundreds of phenomena.In this book, the two times Nobel Prize winner has beautifully demonstrated how his classic 'Valence Bond Theory' can be applied to explain the bewildering array of atoms, molecules and crystals around us.In each chapter, the author introduces certain classic principles like resonance, electronegativity,partial ionic character of bonds, partial double bond character, and hybridization.These concepts are today the cornerstone of the description of thousands of simple molecules. It should be noted that the valence bond approach has its drawbacks, which Pauling does not discuss.It is also true that the Molecular Orbital Theory has replaced his theory in making quantitative calculations.However, Pauling's masterly style of writing and the insights which almost each and every page of this book give the reader, are unparalleled.Even though the book would perhaps not prove useful as a modern chemistry book, I think it should be read by each and every chemist and chemistry student as the ultimate example of simplicity,variety and beauty.It is one of the finest examples of how one extraordinary scientist tries to explain diverse chemical phenomena with a few simple ideas.
              The Chemist's Guide to Valence Bond Theory
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                The Chemist's Guide to Valence Bond Theory
                Sason S. Shaik , and Philippe C. Hiberty
                Manufacturer: Wiley-Interscience
                ProductGroup: Book
                Binding: Hardcover

                General & ReferenceGeneral & Reference | Chemistry | Science | Subjects | Books
                GeneralGeneral | Physical & Theoretical | Chemistry | Science | Subjects | Books
                Quantum ChemistryQuantum Chemistry | Physical & Theoretical | Chemistry | Science | Subjects | Books
                GeneralGeneral | Science | Subjects | Books
                Clinical ChemistryClinical Chemistry | Pathology | Specialties | Medicine | Subjects | Books
                Physical & TheoreticalPhysical & Theoretical | Chemistry | Professional Science | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
                Clinical ChemistryClinical Chemistry | Pathology | Internal Medicine | Medicine | Medical | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
                ASIN: 0470037350

                Book Description

                Intended for chemists who are not necessarily experts on theory, but have some background in quantum chemistry, The Chemist's Guide to Valence Bond Theory is designed to teach chemists how to use VB theory to think concisely and rigorously and how to use VB computations. It familiarizes readers with the various VB-based computational tools and methods available today and their use for a given chemical problem. The book provides samples of inputs/outputs and instructs the reader on how to interpret the results. Applications discussed in the book include bonding problems, organic reactions, inorganic/organometallic reactions, and bioinorganic/biochemical reactions.
                Classics in the Theory of Chemical Combination
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                  Classics in the Theory of Chemical Combination

                  Manufacturer: Dover Publications
                  ProductGroup: Book
                  Binding: Paperback
                  ASIN: B000EEEX0U

                  Product Description

                  A series of papers by the following authors: Wohler, Liebig, Laurent, Williamson, Frankland, Kekule, Couper, van't Hoff, and le Bel. From the back cover: "The papers collected here represent the major chapter in the development of the valence concept in chemistry."
                  Electronic structure of metals
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                    Electronic structure of metals
                    Nikolai Borisovich Brandt
                    Manufacturer: Mir
                    ProductGroup: Book
                    Binding: Unknown Binding
                    ASIN: B0007AL5N4
                    The electronic theory of valency,
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                      The electronic theory of valency,
                      Nevil Vincent Sidgwick
                      Manufacturer: Oxford University Press
                      ProductGroup: Book
                      Binding: Unknown Binding

                      Electron PhysicsElectron Physics | Nuclear Physics | Physics | Science | Subjects | Books
                      ASIN: B00085BOHA
                      Electrons and Valence: Development of the Theory, 1900-1925
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                        Electrons and Valence: Development of the Theory, 1900-1925
                        Anthony N. Stranges
                        Manufacturer: Texas a & M Univ Pr
                        ProductGroup: Book
                        Binding: Hardcover

                        General & ReferenceGeneral & Reference | Chemistry | Professional Science | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
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                        Physical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry | Physical & Theoretical | Chemistry | Science | Subjects | Books
                        ASIN: 0890961247
                        Imaging Transport: Optical Measurements of Diffusion and Drift in Semiconductor Materials and Devices
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                          Imaging Transport: Optical Measurements of Diffusion and Drift in Semiconductor Materials and Devices

                          Manufacturer: Storming Media
                          ProductGroup: Book
                          Binding: Spiral-bound
                          ASIN: 1423586557

                          Product Description

                          This is a NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA report procured by the Pentagon and made available for public release. It has been reproduced in the best form available to the Pentagon. It is not spiral-bound, but rather assembled with Velobinding in a soft, white linen cover. The Storming Media report number is A513724. The abstract provided by the Pentagon follows: Knowledge of transport parameters is important to the development of new optoelectronic materials and devices, such as ultraviolet (UV) semiconductor lasers and advanced solar cells. A series of experiments was performed to measure fundamental transport parameters in luminescent semiconductor materials. Using a technique that couples a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in spot mode with a charge coupled display (CCD) camera, it is possible to image the recombination of charge created at a point. The goal is to extract fundamental transport parameters, such as minority carrier diffusion length (Ldiffusion)) and drift length (Ldrift), with high spatial resolution. Direct transport imaging was used to study diffusion without bias and drift under a range of applied electric fields. The recombination distribution as a function of applied bias was imaged. For the unbiased measurements, the results showed that for bulk n-type GaAs the spotwidth was independent of probe current indicating the luminescence distribution is primarily a function of generation volume and not diffusion length. For thin layer samples that could be approximated as two dimensional (2D), it was found that the spotwidth changed as a function of probe current indicating the potential to extract diffusion length data. Results are compared to numerical modeling of charge transport and the feasibility and limitations of this method for contact-free measurements of lifetime (tau) and mobility (mu) are assessed.
                          An introduction to the electronic theory of valency
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                            An introduction to the electronic theory of valency
                            J. Clare Speakman
                            Manufacturer: E. Arnold
                            ProductGroup: Book
                            Binding: Unknown Binding
                            ASIN: B0007IV1VW
                            An introduction to the modern theory of valency,
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                              An introduction to the modern theory of valency,
                              J. Clare Speakman
                              Manufacturer: E. Arnold & Co
                              ProductGroup: Book
                              Binding: Unknown Binding
                              ASIN: B0007JPS6A
                              Introduction to valence theory,
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                                Introduction to valence theory,
                                Jean Worrall
                                Manufacturer: American Elsevier Pub. Co
                                ProductGroup: Book
                                Binding: Unknown Binding

                                General & ReferenceGeneral & Reference | Chemistry | Professional Science | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
                                GeneralGeneral | Physical & Theoretical | Chemistry | Science | Subjects | Books
                                ASIN: 0444197079

                                Interferogram Analysis For Optical Testing, Second Edition (Optical Engineering)
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                                  Interferogram Analysis For Optical Testing, Second Edition (Optical Engineering)
                                  Daniel Malacara , Manuel Servín , and Zacarias Malacara
                                  Manufacturer: CRC
                                  ProductGroup: Book
                                  Binding: Hardcover

                                  GeneralGeneral | Electrical & Electronics | Engineering | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
                                  LasersLasers | Optics | Electrical & Electronics | Engineering | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
                                  GeneralGeneral | Engineering | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
                                  ManufacturingManufacturing | Industrial, Manufacturing & Operational Systems | Engineering | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
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                                  5. Opto-Mechanical Systems Design, Third Edition (Optical Engineering) Opto-Mechanical Systems Design, Third Edition (Optical Engineering)

                                  ASIN: 1574446827

                                  Book Description

                                  In this day of digitalization, you can work within the technology of optics without having to fully understand the science behind it. However, for those who wish to master the science, rather than merely be its servant, it's essential to learn the nuances, such as those involved with studying fringe patterns produced by optical testing interferometers. When Interferogram Analysis for Optical Testing originally came to print, it filled the need for an authoritative reference on this aspect of fringe analysis. That it was also exceptionally current and highly accessible made its arrival even more relevant. Of course, any book on something as cutting edge as interferogram analysis, no matter how insightful, isn't going to stay relevant forever. The second edition of Interferogram Analysis for Optical Testing is designed to meet the needs of all those involved or wanting to become involved in this area of advanced optical engineering. For those new to the science, it provides the necessary fundamentals, including basic computational methods for studying fringe patterns. For those with deeper experience, it fills in the gaps and adds the information necessary to complete and update one's education. Written by the most experienced researchers in optical testing, this text discusses classical and innovative fringe analysis, principles of Fourier theory, digital image filtering, phase detection algorithms, and aspheric wavelength testing. It also explains how to assess wavefront deformation by calculating slope and local average curvature.

                                  Interferogram Analysis for Optical Testing, Second Edition
                                  Average customer rating: Not rated
                                    Interferogram Analysis for Optical Testing, Second Edition
                                    Daniel Malacara
                                    Manufacturer: Taylor & Francis, Inc.
                                    ProductGroup: Book
                                    Binding: Hardcover
                                    ASIN: B000MUZSXW

                                    Performing Libertinism in Charles II's Court: Politics, Drama, Sexuality
                                    Average customer rating: 3 out of 5 stars
                                    • the (ambiguous) libertine: corrupter, reformer, or something else altogether ?
                                    Performing Libertinism in Charles II's Court: Politics, Drama, Sexuality
                                    Jeremy Webster
                                    Manufacturer: Palgrave Macmillan
                                    ProductGroup: Book
                                    Binding: Hardcover

                                    HistoryHistory | Drama | Literature & Fiction | Subjects | Books
                                    GeneralGeneral | Drama | Literature & Fiction | Subjects | Books
                                    GeneralGeneral | British & Irish | Drama | Literature & Fiction | Subjects | Books
                                    ClassicsClassics | General | Literature & Fiction | Subjects | Books
                                    GeneralGeneral | Criticism & Theory | History & Criticism | Literature & Fiction | Subjects | Books
                                    GeneralGeneral | Europe | History | Subjects | Books
                                    ASIN: 1403967199
                                    Release Date: 2005-07-14

                                    Book Description

                                    Performing Libertinism in Charles II's Court: Politics, Drama, Sexuality examines the performative nature of Restoration libertinism by reading reports of libertine activities and texts of libertine plays within the context of the fraternization between George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, Sir Charles Sedley, Sir George Etherege, and William Wycherley. Webster argues that libertines, both real and imagined, performed traditionally secretive acts, including excessive drinking, sex, sedition, and sacrilege, in the public sphere. This eruption of the private into the public challenged a Stuart ideology that distinguished between the nation's public life and the king's and his subjects' private consciences. Although this eruption was contained by the early 1680s, the libertine performances this book analyzes nevertheless played an important part in the history of English radicalism.

                                    Customer Reviews:

                                    3 out of 5 stars the (ambiguous) libertine: corrupter, reformer, or something else altogether ?.......2006-12-12

                                    Focusing on the five most famous or infamous libertines of the 1660's and 1670's (Rochester, Sedley, Etherege, Wycherley, and George Villiers duke of Buckingham) Webster reads this selective group of libertine's real-life performances and their libertine plays as attempts by their authors to both fashion themselves and fashion new kinds of characters (often based on real-life libertines) to contest normative codes of subjectification. Webster focuses on the political aims and effects of libertine self-fashioning/performance, but the libertines are slippery figures and libertine drama can be read in many ways and made to mean many contradictory things.

                                    Since each dramatist or poet uses the libertine discourse in a different way for different ends it is very difficult to say anything about libertinism that applies to all libertines. For instance the most famous play of the Restoration, _The Man of Mode_,was written by one libertine, Etherege, but loosely based on the exploits of another, Rochester. But Webster does not consider to what extent the play is simply a means for Etherege to make money off of his more famous friend's notoriety. For Rochester writing and libertinism were both socially marked aristocratic activities; but for those who were not born to the aristocratic class and who made their living by their pen, like Etherege and Wycherely, the practice of libertinism could be interpreted as a means to an end; the end being social advancement at court, and a steady income from the theatre. Though each libertine had a separate political agenda, some were Whigs and some Tories, none of them were interested in toppling a political system upon which their status depended. So the libertine was political, but not a political radical as Webster contends. The libertines like everyone else at this time were caught up in the debate as to where power should reside: with the people or with a monarch or somehwere inbetween (ie parliament). Interestingly enough it was the libertines who had the least status that were most loyal to Charles II while the libertines with titles tended to side with the Whigs. To me this seems to be the most interesting of the many libertine paradoxes but Webster leaves it largely unexplored.

                                    Webster is convinced that libertinism waned because the critics of Charles II began to view his libertine friends and the libertine theatre that he sponsored as agents of disorder (a misperception in Webster's view) instead of as agents of reform. The villainizing of the libertine began in the late 1670's and continued throughout the long 18th century. Webster contends that the libertines were very influential but since they never mounted anything like a united front or offered anything in the way of clear political directives (George Villiers would be the exception here as he did have clear political ideas and ambitions) its difficult to see exactly how they could have been perceived as politically influential. They were friends with each other and with Charles II but friends with important differences. Their individualism and their individual applications of a philosophy that was never strictly defined makes it very difficult to say exactly what libertinism meant to any particular libertine at any given time or exactly what the political ramifications of libertinism, if any, might have been. The libertines certainly were very popular in the aesthetic sphere but it is not clear how this kind of popularity translated into political influence.

                                    What makes the libertine seem so attractive in some of the plays is that he appears to be a political free agent capable of determining his own life and unlike the other characters he seems capable of seeing life for what it is, but, in actuality as Webster reminds us, the libertine is very much a part of the social world and must maneuver within that world as it exists. Thus in many of the plays the libertine is portrayed as a strategist (or as Webster calls him a "trickster"). But he's also (often though not always) a character that realizes the limits of his own self-serving practices and at least gestures toward some kind of reform. The extent to which this gesture toward self-reform was a political comment on the reign of Charles II (and if it was a political coment what kind of comment it was) remains unclear. It is also unclear whether this gesture toward reform is genuine or strategic; the ultimate aim of the libertine is never spelled out. Critical reception of libertine plays has been as controversial as the plays themselves. For three centuries a debate has raged over whether the plays were meant to celebrate vice and folly or expose it and censor it.

                                    As far as audience response to the libertine Webster has a theory for that too but very little real evidence to support just how the audience perceived libertinism as it was performed on stage. Webster argues that the character made people conscious of themselves as judges of their social and politicial worlds and of themselves and this is certainly possible and various versions of this view have been argued and forwarded by others, but its also possible that the public wanted quick fix solutions and were not particularly interested in the theatre as a forum for public debate but were more interested in the theatre as a place offering escape from the complexity and confusion of the social world, and the fantasy/illusion of independence that is roguish romance would have offered an attractive few hours of entertainment. Whether the plays offered a relief from subjectification or an analysis of it or both is uncertain. To what extent these plays are an accurate representation of the social world and to what extent they exagerrate or distort the social world and with what purposes/intentions those exagerrations/distortions are made, if that is in fact what they are, is unclear. These uncertainties inform all studies of the Restoration stage. Audience response like authorial intention is purely a matter of speculation.

                                    Libertinism is effective as a critique of norms and status and power but it really offers nothing in the way of solutions to the age's anxieties about the unstable nature of these abstractions/constructions on which society rests and relies and with which it legitimizes itself; and thus the plays often end ambiguously. In his conclusion Webster discusses Jeffreys' 1994 play and the 2005 movie version of _The Libertine_. Even though the play and film end as ambiguously as the original libertine plays often did (as it is unclear whether Rochester's repentance at the end of the play/film is genuine or just a mock repentance) Webster elides this ambiguity which has been central not just to Rochester's mythos but to the libertine mythos in general. Webster does not acknowledge that there is ambiguity in this ending; he simply avoids it altogether and ends his book with the generality that the lasting appeal of the libertine is his unapologetic pursuit of pleasure which unnerves a society that is obsessed with containing sexuality in moral codes. This tendency to sweep away ambiguity with generality seems to be a habit of mind that informs many of his readings, including his reading of the ending of _The Man of Mode_.

                                    *Webster is arguably more comfortable with his theoretical armature than with the plays themselves. Plus the omission of poetry (where sexual topics were treated with much more candor than was permitted on stage) leaves this study feeling curiously incomplete and shallow. Theres a lot of information here but also a lot of speculation. I found this book valuable because it does raise a lot of interesting issues even if I do not always agree with the readings of the individual plays or the much too pat conclusions.




                                    Books:

                                    1. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Second printing with new preface and appendix (Harvard Economic Studies)
                                    2. The Professions in Early Modern England, 1450-1800 (Themes in British Social History)
                                    3. The Social Health of the Nation: How America Is Really Doing
                                    4. The t in Ceta: Local and National Perspectives
                                    5. To Make the Earth Bear Fruit: Essays on Fertility, Work and Gender in Highland Bolivia (Ilas Series)
                                    6. Unions and Workers: Limitations and Possibilities
                                    7. Voices of the Poor: Volume 2: Crying Out for Change (World Bank Publication)
                                    8. Welfare For The Unemployed In Britain And Germany: Who Benefits?
                                    9. What the Market Does to People: Privatization, Globalization and Poverty
                                    10. Workers' Compensation in Louisiana: Administrative Inventory

                                    Books Index

                                    Books Home

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