Book Description
A touchstone for understanding how we behave on the job
"This is a stimulating and provocative book in bringing together important ideas from different fields, and, thereby, giving us a whole new slant on 'human nature.'" âEdgar H. Schein, Sloan Fellows Professor of Management Emeritus and Senior Lecturer, MIT
In this astonishing, provocative, and solidly researched book, two Harvard Business School professors synthesize 200 years of thought along with the latest research drawn from the biological and social sciences to propose a new theory, a unified synthesis of human nature. Paul Lawrence and Nitin Nohria have studied the way people behave in that most fascinating arena of human behaviorâthe workplaceâand from their work they produce a book that examines the four separate and distinct emotive drives that guide human behavior and influence the choices people make: the drives to acquire, bond, learn, and defend. They ultimately show that, just as advances in information technology have spurred the New Economy in the last quarter of the twentieth century, current advances in biology will be the key to understanding humans and organizations in the new millennium.
Customer Reviews:
House built on sand.......2005-04-26
The arguments presented are based on weak theories and opinions. Authors say we have 4 basic drives (drive to aquire, bond, learn, and defend) and we "naturally" become cooperative to ensure our own self-interests (reminiscent of Adam Smith's invisible hand theory). While these drives seem reasonable, what about other drives? And how can the authors argue that cooperation is the "natural" product when we are left alone? Anyone with children will understand the importance of education in helping to "teach" cooperation.
Great concept.......2003-08-19
The book lays out the concept of four human drive. To Acquire, To Bond, To Learn, and To Defend. The concept is pretty much lecture by the Franklin Covey seminars and many books as preaches by the great Stephen Covey, the author of 7 habits of highly effective people. It says 4 things drive people. To Live, To Love, To Learn and To Leave a Legacy. The fourth drive from this book and Franklin Covey is similar but not the same. Overall its a good book.
Who Is In Your Driver's Seat?.......2003-02-23
At first glance this book seems to be leaning too much toward the scientific/academic side. I was actually dreading to read the book, however the authors have done a magnificant job of livening up each academic part with real world case studies. The main theme of this text is how we base our decision making on four psychological drives that every person is born with regardless of religion, race or other factors:
1.) The Drive to Acquire (D1) - We all have it, it is normal but some have too much of it. Those who have an overdose of D1 tend to teeter on the edge of self-destruction and those around them.
2.) The Drive to Bond (D2) - Everybody likes to feel wanted and belong to some type of organisation (family, cultural, religion, hobby, etc., When a person engages in decicion making, they will usually decided positive for the person who has something in common with them.
3.) The Drive to Learn (D3) - Learning is a part of life and when this drive is not satisfied in people they become aggressive and restless. Have you ever seen a highly intelligent well-paid co-worker leave a job although this person never had any problems with peer or superiors? Chances are that this person was in dire need of a cerebal orgasam i.e. The person was somebody who needed to be mentally challenged.
4.) The Drive to Defend (D4) - We have learned certain beliefs and take them to be true until proven otherwise. When somebody attacks or tries to show us otherwise we become agitated, angry or beligerent because deep down in our subconscious we have a defense mechanism that does not want to be proven wrong.
This is an excellent book for markets, negotiators and employers. What makes us tick inside our crainium. The authors have excellent examples taken from Hewlett-Packard and how they created a bond between employees and the company. Other scenarios show why some companies work extremely well with labour unions and some companies never seem to have any peace between management and unions. Why do we prefer a product over another? All of these answers are in this text.
Good start for unifying theories ... but.......2003-02-18
Lawrence & Nohria reduce human drives to biological drives that they say are rooted in the physical structure of our brains. These drives are to (1) Acquire, (2) Bond, (3) Learn, and (4) Defend. The authors search broadly through various disciplines to support their theory, significantly focusing on evolutionary sciences and neuroscience. Their work is a contribution to the literature on organization development vis-à-vis human biology and neurology, but unfortunately does not go far enough and reveals errors and lack of depth. For one, they postulate a Great Leap forward in human evolution dating back 70,000 years, but fail to account for the fact that although human `evolution' per se seems obvious, evolutionary science to date does not link man directly to earlier non-human life forms (i.e. the "missing link").
The authors likewise delve into neuroscience in an attempt to prove a unified theory of our drives by linking them to neurological activity in the limbic center of our brains, but stop short of including or even alluding to respected research that explores links between activities such as meditation and brain functioning (e.g. neurotheology, AUB), much of which supports a uniquely human neurology linked to spirituality (while not necessarily claiming to prove or disprove a God).
Even their case studies make errors of omission. They overlook key variables in their cases involving the economies of Russia and Ireland, and do not account for global economic influences. Today it seems more commonly acknowledged that the failure of capitalism in Russia had less to do with factors related to the imbalance of these 4 drives than with the monopolizing of the country's natural resources and large business ventures by the old party elite, and the economic successes of Ireland that they site as evidence of a country that balances these 4 drives is somewhat dated as Ireland today has budget deficits and the highest rate of inflation in all of Western Europe.
It would seem wise for Lawrence & Nohria to supplement their 4 drives with non-biological human drives such as our commonly acknowledged spiritual quests, for one. If we have an innate drive to transcend this material world and to know God (Western theists), our Ultimate Reality (Eastern spirituality) or our higher power (atheists), and if we at times even `deny' the other 4 drives in this quest, some even to the point of martyrdom, how can Lawrence & Nohria claim to have captured the essence of human nature? If for instance, the Jews of old gave up family, nation, and even life to remain true to their spiritual drives; and if early Christianity evolved `in spite of' the persecutions and against the accepted teachings of the day to acquire ("it is better to give than receive"), bond (in lieu of their own family members who did not accept Christianity), learn (as per their traditional mindsets) and defend (martyrdom, etc.); if early Islam likewise revealed a community of early believes who went against most of these drives to later establish a human system that embraced a vast expanse of land from North Africa to Portugal to Arabia; and today if Baha'is give up money (acquire), family (bond), school (learn: it is illegal for Baha'is to go to university in some nations), and even life (defend) as they are driven by faith in lands where it is fiercely persecuted; and finally if a cross section of humanity including humanists and atheists can sacrifice all for fellow humanity, how again can Lawrence & Nohria with such confidence claim to have the best unified theory of human nature that is reduced to our DNA?
Adam Smith discovers evolutionary psychology.......2003-02-03
This is evolutionary psychology as seen by two professors from the Harvard Business School (!). While some readers may be familiar with a lot of what is presented here, it is agreeable to get a perspective from another academic discipline and a new sense of application. It is especially pleasing because professors Lawrence and Nohria write well and have an appreciation of what an exciting time of biological discovery we are living in, a time when the convergence of knowledge and techniques from various disciplines is giving us the ability to look inside the black box of human nature previously closed.
The authors' use of the term "drives" to designate the source of behaviors is familiar, but the idea that these drives come from modules in the brain, or a network of modules, is what is relatively new. Whether this is just another construct like Freud's ego, id, and superego is an open question. However--and this is important and at the very essence of what is going on in brain science today--unlike Freud's construct, the one presented here is based on something tangible in the brain's structure. As the authors report, recent advances in technology allow us to discern the brain's structure as it works. These observations provide a scientific basis for constructs attempting to explain human behavior. Whether there are four fundamental drives, as messrs. Lawrence and Nohria think, or some other number, or whether an entirely different construct is required, is also an open question. Personally, I find their array persuasive, and I think the idea of "drives" a valuable one. More important though is their understanding that we are motivated by more than rational self-interest, the so-called "invisible hand" from Adam Smith and the market place.
Here are the drives as defined on page 10:
D1 is to acquire objects and experiences that improve our status relative to others.
D2 is to bond with others in mutually beneficial, long-term relationships.
D3 is to learn about and make sense of ourselves and the world around us.
D4 is to defend ourselves, our loved ones, our beliefs, and our resources.
In should be noted that these four drives do not in any way contradict the general finding in biology that individuals tend to behave in such a way as to enhance their reproductive success. What is new is that such "selfish" behaviors include behaviors usually seen as altruistic. Yet I think the authors would enhance their understanding of the idea of "altruistic behavior" by reading Amotz and Avishag Zahavi's The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin's Puzzle (1997) in which the adaptive function of some altruistic behavior is to directly advertise fitness.
It should also be noted, as the authors do on page 63, that "What drives behavior is a contest among the emotions, not the rational calculation alone." In other words, rationality leads to the creation of an emotion which competes with the instinctive emotion. This is an important concept. It is not the rational mind overcoming the emotional mind, but the employment of emotion by the rational mind to overcome instinctive imperatives which sometimes lead us in the wrong direction.
Through the process of "social bonding" as presented on page 83, the authors embrace the idea of group selection, an idea disparaged by notions from Dawkins's "selfish gene" and elsewhere. The idea that there could be the selection of genes that "orient behavior toward the good of the group" has long been discounted by the establishment in evolutionary biology. (This view is changing.) The seemingly very convincing argument has been that "any carrier with a genetic disposition to be nice to others would be, in time, wiped out by the selfish free-riders in the population." (Still on page 83.) My feeling, however (similar to that of the authors), is that for human beings the "in time" part has never had a chance to kick in. This is mainly because of the constant struggle of tribe against tribe throughout human and pre-human history. The benefit to the tribe from individuals willing to risk life and limb for the good of the tribe is clear. What has not been realized by many is that the benefits to the individual by enhancing the tribe's fitness more than offset the loss incurred from taking risks. True, if the tribe faced no outward danger for a long period of time, the genes of the "selfish free-riders" would predominate in the population and the altruistic genes would die out. But that hasn't happened. Consequently groups (bands and tribes) that contained many "altruistic" individuals survived while groups with fewer altruistic individuals died out. Therefore we have the "group selection of individuals" (which is a way I have seen this phenomenon phrased).
I should also like to note that religion, the cultural evolution of, is accounted for in a similar way. Those tribes that had religious beliefs strong enough to facilitate bonding and altruistic behavior survived more often than tribes that did not. This is something that E.O. Wilson pointed out some years ago in his book On Human Nature.
I think this is an excellent book for the general reader and a fine melding of the ideas of evolutionary biology into the culture of the work place and other loci in the modern world. The authors do a good job of showing how the ideas of evolutionary psychology go far beyond the retelling of "just so" stories, ideas that can help us to understand ourselves and the world in which we live.
Book Description
Energy Price Risk is the practitioner's guide to optimizing company performance using the correct price risk strategies and tools. Based on the author's extensive experience in the commodity derivatives industry, it comprehensively covers the full spectrum of the energy complex, including crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas, LPG/LNG, and electricity. Using many worked examples, this book offers practical insights and solutions.
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Energy Markets: Price Risk Management and Trading (Wiley Finance)
Tom James
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ASIN: 0470822252 |
Book Description
The Energy Markets - is the practitioners' guide to trading the markets and optimizing company performance using the correct price risk strategies and tools. As a company exposed to the price increases/decreases and the high volatility in energy prices experienced since the turn of the new century, this book will help you put in place the management controls and reporting structures necessary to ensure that your hedging programme achieves its goals and does not add unexpected or unwanted risks to your firm. As a direct trader in these markets or as an investor in hedge funds in the energy sector it will give you an insight to the global energy markets and their operation. Inspired by the success of the courses Professor Tom James runs in global energy and commodities trading and price risk management, the book includes a wealth of practical knowledge applied to the market place.
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Applied Soil Trace Elements
Manufacturer: John Wiley & Sons
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ASIN: 0471276251 |
Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from Applied Soil Ecology, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
Description:
A classic method to assess animal populations is to mark a population, release them into the wild, and make measurements on individuals that are captured after a period of time. The objective of this study was to determine whether earthworms can assimilate and retain sufficient rubidium (Rb) in their tissues to differentiate marked and unmarked earthworms. Fifty adult and 50 juvenile earthworms (Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen)) were placed in individual pots with soil containing 500mgRbkg^-^1 for 1 week. Earthworms assimilated Rb at rates of 23-26@mgRbg^-^1 earthworm fresh weightday^-^1, and the Rb concentration in earthworm tissue was 100-fold greater than in unmarked earthworms after 1 week. When we transferred marked earthworms to clean soil, they eliminated about 50% of the Rb in their tissues within 3 days. The Rb concentration declined exponentially during the elimination period, but remained 10 times greater in marked earthworms (78.6-112.4@mgRbg^-^1 oven-dry tissue) than unmarked earthworms (on average, 5.7@mgRbg^-^1 tissue). These results indicate that marking earthworms with Rb may be an effective way to track individuals and differentiate marked earthworms from indigenous populations in ecological release-recapture studies.
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The Social Biology of Wasps
Manufacturer: Comstock Publishing
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The Bees of the World
ASIN: 0801499062 |
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Pheromone Communication in Social Insects: Ants, Wasps, Bees, and Termites (Westview Studies in Insect Biology)
Manufacturer: Westview Press
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ASIN: 0813389763 |
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This digital document is a journal article from Current Biology, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
Abstract:
Female hairy-faced hover wasps forage for the young of a dominant breeder, but some forage more than others. New research shows that helpers decide how much to help by looking to the future.
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Biology of the Vespine Wasps
Makoto Matsuura , and
Seika Yamane
Manufacturer: Springer
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ASIN: 0387519009 |
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- Seriously Biased
- As a text
- As a text
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World Regional Geography: A Development Approach, Eighth Edition
David L. Clawson ,
James Fisher ,
Samuel A Aryeetey-Attoh ,
Roger Theide ,
Jack F. Williams ,
Merrill L. Johnson ,
Douglas L. Johnson ,
Christopher A. Airriess ,
Terry G. Jordan-Bychkov ,
Bella Bychkova Jordan ,
Samuel Aryeetey-Attoh ,
Ellen Hamilton , and
Beth Mitchneck
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Rand McNally Goode's World Atlas 21st Edition
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The Ends of the Earth: From Togo to Turkmenistan, from Iran to Cambodia, a Journey to the Frontiers of Anarchy
ASIN: 013101532X |
Book Description
Organized around the theme of human development, this book is written by experts on each region of the world to create a comprehensive volume on world regional geography that presents a vital overview of the topic, providing a deep understanding of the character of the world's people. A rich art package assists the reader in gaining a personal feeling for the inner essence of each world region. This book covers the geographic, social, and economic issues for each world region, including the United States and Canada; Europe; Russia and the Eurasian States; Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands; Asia; the Middle East and North Africa; Africa south of the Sahara; and Latin America. This book can serve as an excellent tool for any reader who is interested in the world's regions and its people; it is an excellent reference work for geographers, cultural anthropologists, and others working in those fields.
Customer Reviews:
Seriously Biased.......2001-09-19
The tendency of this book to ridicule America (its history, its culture, its priorities, etc.) really calls into question the objectivity and political persuasion of its authors. Whether it's the destruction of the environment or world poverty, America and the American people are always to blame. We use too much energy; we don't share enough; blah blah blah. America does more to promote peace and economic development throughout the world than any other country. While the authors of this book don't seem to be so, I, for one, am PROUD to be an American
As a text.......1997-12-20
The general feel of this book is dark and dull. Graphics are oddly benign,upside, the Geography in Action sections offer realistic insight into Geographic concepts. Clawson and Fisher tried.
As a text.......1997-12-20
The general feel of this book is dark and dull. Graphics are oddly benign,upside, the Geography in Action sections offer realistic insight into Geographic concepts. Clawson and Fisher tried.
Book Description
This is the acclaimed translation by Stillman Drake of "Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Concerning Two New Sciences Pertaining to Mechanics and Local Motions." It is the work written by Galileo in the last years of his life, while under house arrest by the Inquisition for suspected heresy. The two new sciences that comprise the subject of the book are the science of motion on earth and the study of the strength of materials. In presenting his findings, Galileo formulates a methodology for rigorous experimental study of natural phenomena that is the foundation for modern experimental science.
History of Free Fall, by Stillman Drake
Appended to Drake's translation and commentaries and bound in with them in the same volume is his monograph History of Free Fall: Aristotle to Galileo on the history of the discovery of the law of falling bodies, from its formulation by Aristotle to its clear statement by Galileo. Drake's painstaking research includes a close examination of Galileo's working papers which record his famous experiments with inclined planes and carefully controlled parabolic projectile paths.
Customer Reviews:
Caution- The Binding is Terrible on This Book.......2006-10-11
The "Two New Sciences" are required study at Thomas Aquinas College in California. I and a number of students have this paperback edition. The pages come loose and just keep coming loose as you study the propositions. Even being very careful with the book, the pages still keep coming out. I have heard a number of other people complain of this same problem.
Pretty much everyone here knows that the paperback edition falls apart and they only buy it since it is cheaper than the hardback. I have no idea how the pages hold up on the hardback edition, but I hear that it is better than with the paperback. So unless you intend to put it in a display case and read it from there, I urge you to skip the paperback version and get the hardback or get another publishing entirely (if such exists) until Wall & Emerson gets their act together and republishes this book, fixing the problem. I rate two stars only because of the greatness of the text itself, subtracting three for the horrible binding.
Customer Reviews:
The literary imagination in its moral mode .......2006-12-01
Trilling was a major American critic. This book contains a number of his finest essays, including one on 'Hawthorne in Our Time ' and on 'Emma and the Legend of Jane Austen' It also has the important essay on 'Freud: within and beyond Culture." Throughout there are reflections on the study and teaching of English, and of modern Literature. The essay on Isaac Babel is a pioneering one which begins with Trilling's discovery of Babel's collection 'The Red Cavalry' Immediately at first reading Trilling understood he had come upon a major writer. He goes on to analyze the conflicts within Babel and within his work. He was the Jew riding with the Jew's worst enemies, the Cossacks- he was the intellectual with 'spectacles on his nose and autumn in his heart' reprimanding himself for not being able to kill. Trilling tells Babel's story insofar as he knows it and places him in a tradition of revelatory story writers, epiphany- makers like Joyce and Chekhov. Trilling whose sense of the moral dimension of Literature is so strong seeks to understand Babel not only in his own terms, and in terms of the society which made him ' master of the genre of silence'( This before killing him) but in terms of his message for mankind.
Customer Reviews:
Helps you see what you have not seen........2006-01-09
I have read it at least 6 times since it was originally published.
It speaks to the current world scene each time and probably will for the next 50 years.
Hall is one of the 20th century's great geniuses.
but within our understanding.......2004-11-22
This is not Hall's best known book but it incorporates many of the ideas that were originally presented in the Silent Language and applies them to culture. The idea of monochronic (M-Time) and polychronic time (P-Time) are briefly summarised as well. The underlying concept of Beyond Culture is that man is an evolutionary being and although we cannot evolve to adapt to our environment at the rate of insects we can continue to evolve through extensions. These extensions are the things we create such as fire and tools at the basic level and cars, computers, and mobile phones at the more complex level. In this way we have continued to evolve beyond the limits of our biology.
In a similar sense, culture is an extension of our personal being and is used to prevent us from having to explain every little detail. Regardless of whether a culture is "high" or "low" it contains a body of knowledge that provides for ease of communication among members. He develops this idea in the concept of action chains which is a sequence in which several people participate. Culture is by its nature participatory and understanding action chains within a culture can help us to understand how to prevent ourselves from running aground in a culture different from our own.
He also looks at culture and education and lampoons the current state of higher education in the western context. I find this somewhat unwarranted. He concludes with chapters on the irrationality of culture and our identification with culture. However irrational a culture may be to those who identify with it it makes perfect sense.
I do not always agree with the interpretation of cultural examples that he cites but his ideas are interesting and can be helpful in understanding cross/intercultural experiences. I would recommend this book to those who are, at least in passing, with his overall concepts of culture.
A must-read for "Diversity in the Workplace".......2003-08-07
Since other reviewers have summarized this book, my suggestion is to read it with present-day work environments in mind. There is an increasing emphasis of Diversity and Globalization in the workplace. This book can be difficult to wade through, but the concepts stick with you. It was very easy to take the concepts and compare them to the daily situations of working in a multi-cultural corporate environment. Sometimes the best information, is from an original source or work. I would suggest reading this, just because Hall's premises still bear the brunt of time and provide that "ah-ha" awareness to an experience.
UNDERSTANDING OUR WORLD.......2001-10-10
THIS IS THE SECOND TIME I HAVE READ THE BOOK. THE LAST TIME WAS A 110 YEARS AGO IN COLLEGE. MR. HALL MAKES US THINK ABOUT OTHER CULTURES AND ESPECIALLY OUR OWN CULTURE. IN THESE AWFUL TIMES IT IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND OURSELVES AND ONE ANOTHER. MR HALL'S BOOKS HELP WITH THIS. IT IS NOT ENOUGH TO UNDERSTAND A CULTURE'S LANGUAGE AND DRESS. TIME, SPACE, AND OTHER CONTINGENTS ARE JUST OR MORE IMPORTANT.
Chapter 1: Education doesn't necessarily mean Learning.......2001-08-18
I read this book for the first time over 20 years ago after I graduated from college with an unrelated science major which I found loathesome and never used. I had already read "The Hidden Dimension" when working with an architect. I am not about to read this one again due to its complexity and the fact it "sunk in" then. Here are some of Hall's highlights:
Ch. 1 (The Paradox of Culture): "One wonders how many individuals who have been forced to adjust to eight-hour, nine-to-five schedules have sacrificed their creativity, and what the social and human cost of this sacrifice has been."
Ch. 3 (Consistency and Life): "He is forced into the position of thinking and feeling that anyone whose behavior is not predictable or is peculiar in any way is slightly out of his mind, improperly brought up, irresponsible, psychopathic, politically motivated to a point beyond all redemption, or just plain inferior."
Ch. 7 (Contexts, High and Low): "... in high context systems, people in places of authority are personally and truly (not just in theory) responsible for the actions of subordinates down to the lowest man. In low context systems, responsibility is diffused throughout the system and difficult to pin down ..."
Ch. 11 (Covert Culture and Action Chains): "The investigation of out-of-awareness culture can be accomplished only by actual observation of real events in normal settings and contexts. ... Culture is therefore very closely related to if not synonymous with what has been defined as "mind".
Ch. 12 (Imagery and Memory): "Our problems in education are exacerbated by eductional systems and philosophies that stress verbal facility at the expense of other important parts of man's mind ..."
Ch. 13 (Cultural and Primate Bases of Education): "One reason psychotherapy is so slow is that in order to change one thing it is necessary to alter the entire psyche, because the different parts of the psyche are functionally interrelated."
Ch. 13: Over bureaucratization: "The problem with bureaucracies is that they have to work hard and long to keep from substituting self-serving survival and growth for their original primary objective. ... Bureaucracies have no soul, no memory and no conscience."
Ch. 14 (Culture as an Irrational Force): "Since the men and women responsible for these [anthropological] studies for the most part are both well trained in Anglo-American social science methodology and well motivated, one can only assume that there is something basically wrong with the way in which social science research is often conducted."
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Who Am I?: The 16 Basic Desires That Motivate Our Behavior and Define Our Personality
Finding Our Way: Leadership for an Uncertain Time
Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations: A Guide to Strengthening and Sustaining Organizational Achievement, 3rd Edition
Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life (Masterminds Series)
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