The International Cocoa Trade, Second Edition
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    The International Cocoa Trade, Second Edition
    Robin Dand
    Manufacturer: CRC
    ProductGroup: Book
    Binding: Hardcover

    FinanceFinance | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books | Banks & Banking | Corporate Finance | Foreign Exchange | Inflation | Interest
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    ASIN: 0849322669

    Book Description

    Over the past few years the cocoa market has had to modify how it operates. Continued low prices, fewer companies trading, and both the perceived and real element of del credere risks have brought about the change. Those that remain have had to return to the fundamentals of their business - knowing the needs of their clients and above all, knowing the commodity. This affects everyone directly and indirectly involved in cocoa. In the past, exporters could rely on dealers sorting out some of their problems, and the factories off-loaded much of the risk of delivery onto the dealer. Current trading conditions make this more difficult. People outside this chain now have larger roles in cocoa than in the past, in particular, the banks, but also the shipping companies and the warehouses. All those in the chain of trade, from the exporter, dealer, and broker through the factory must improve not only their understanding of the market but of the difficulties faced by others in the commodity. The new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated. It reflects changes such as the effects of trade liberalization in cocoa, the use of vegetable fats in chocolate manufacture, and the increase in bulk cocoa. It provides the details of the new LIFFE contract, and the upcoming CAL and AFCC contracts. The International Cocoa Trade helps all those involved in the industry. It supplies information about the cocoa trade and creates a better understanding about the industry as a whole. Starting with the history of European and North American development of cocoa, the book covers agronomics and marketing, actuals and futures markets, contracts, supply and demand, quality, and processing.

    Cocoa Cycles: The Economics of Cocoa Supply
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      Cocoa Cycles: The Economics of Cocoa Supply

      Manufacturer: Woodhead Publishing
      ProductGroup: Book
      Binding: Paperback

      Exports & ImportsExports & Imports | Economics | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
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      ASIN: 1855732157

      Product Description

      The cyclical boom-to-recession nature of the economics of cocoa supply is a major problem for the international cocoa industry - and especially for countries whose economies depend on cocoa exports.
      Commodity Supply Management by Producing Countries: A Case-Study of the Tropical Beverage Crops (Unu/Wider Studies in Development Economics)
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        Commodity Supply Management by Producing Countries: A Case-Study of the Tropical Beverage Crops (Unu/Wider Studies in Development Economics)
        Alfred Maizels , Robert Bacon , and George Mavrotas
        Manufacturer: Oxford University Press, USA
        ProductGroup: Book
        Binding: Hardcover

        Policy & Current EventsPolicy & Current Events | Popular Economics | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
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        Development & GrowthDevelopment & Growth | Economics | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
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        ASIN: 0198233388

        Book Description

        The collapse in commodity prices since 1980 has been a major cause of the economic crisis in a large part of the Third World. This book demonstrates, using new econometric models, that the producing countries could have prevented this price collapse by appropriate supply management.
        International cocoa agreement, 1972;: New York, 15 November 1972 to 15 January 1973 ([Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office] Miscellaneous)
        Average customer rating: Not rated
          International cocoa agreement, 1972;: New York, 15 November 1972 to 15 January 1973 ([Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office] Miscellaneous)

          Manufacturer: H.M.S.O
          ProductGroup: Book
          Binding: Unknown Binding

          GeneralGeneral | Law | Subjects | Books
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          ASIN: 010152630X
          The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Argentina (World Trade Report)
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            The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Argentina (World Trade Report)
            The Chocolate , and Other Cocoa-Based Food Preparations Research Group
            Manufacturer: Icon Group International, Inc.
            ProductGroup: Book
            Binding: Ring-bound
            ASIN: 0757635121
            The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Australia (World Trade Report)
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              The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Australia (World Trade Report)
              The Chocolate , and Other Cocoa-Based Food Preparations Research Group
              Manufacturer: Icon Group International, Inc.
              ProductGroup: Book
              Binding: Ring-bound
              ASIN: 075763513X
              The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Austria (World Trade Report)
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                The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Austria (World Trade Report)
                The Chocolate , and Other Cocoa-Based Food Preparations Research Group
                Manufacturer: Icon Group International, Inc.
                ProductGroup: Book
                Binding: Ring-bound
                ASIN: 0757635148
                The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Bahrain (World Trade Report)
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                  The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Bahrain (World Trade Report)
                  The Chocolate , and Other Cocoa-Based Food Preparations Research Group
                  Manufacturer: Icon Group International, Inc.
                  ProductGroup: Book
                  Binding: Ring-bound
                  ASIN: 0757635156
                  The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Barbados (World Trade Report)
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                    The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Barbados (World Trade Report)
                    The Chocolate , and Other Cocoa-Based Food Preparations Research Group
                    Manufacturer: Icon Group International, Inc.
                    ProductGroup: Book
                    Binding: Ring-bound
                    ASIN: 0757635164
                    The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Belize (World Trade Report)
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                      The 2000 Import and Export Market for Chocolate and Other Cocoa-based Food Preparations in Belize (World Trade Report)
                      The Chocolate , and Other Cocoa-Based Food Preparations Research Group
                      Manufacturer: Icon Group International, Inc.
                      ProductGroup: Book
                      Binding: Ring-bound
                      ASIN: 0757635172

                      Coaching, Mentoring, and Managing: Breakthrough Strategies to Solve Performance Problems and Build Winning Teams
                      Average customer rating: 3 out of 5 stars
                      • Enjoyable and encouraging - very worth reading.
                      • Redundant, trivial compilation of lists, opinions and generalizations
                      Coaching, Mentoring, and Managing: Breakthrough Strategies to Solve Performance Problems and Build Winning Teams

                      Manufacturer: Career Press
                      ProductGroup: Book
                      Binding: Paperback

                      GeneralGeneral | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
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                      1. Coaching, Counseling & Mentoring: How to Choose & Use the Right Technique to Boost Employee Performance Coaching, Counseling & Mentoring: How to Choose & Use the Right Technique to Boost Employee Performance
                      2. Coaching and Mentoring for Dummies Coaching and Mentoring for Dummies
                      3. Leader As Coach: Strategies for Coaching & Developing Others Leader As Coach: Strategies for Coaching & Developing Others
                      4. Managers as Mentors 2 Ed: Building Partnerships for Learning Managers as Mentors 2 Ed: Building Partnerships for Learning
                      5. The Heart of Coaching: Using Transformational Coaching to Create a High-Performance Coaching Culture (3rd Edition) The Heart of Coaching: Using Transformational Coaching to Create a High-Performance Coaching Culture (3rd Edition)

                      ASIN: 1564145840

                      Book Description

                      This book offers hundreds of practical, easy-to-learn techniques every manager can use to coach employees to become more productive, positive, inspired and effective. Filled with real-world advice and management-changing exercises, this manual shows how to get the most from employees in today's era of downsizing, layoffs, buyouts and mergers. Managers learn how to be more than just a boss and develop the skills and strategies to become more like a coach to their employees.

                      This invaluable management resource will show managers how to tap into the hidden strengths and talents of employees, to inspire peak performers to even greater levels of productivity, to confront inappropriate behavior, turn problem employees into productive workers, to ask questions that get good answers,-to be a winner and to teach others how to be winners. Gives the skills to become a good coach to lead and inspire people to work as a team and produce winning results.

                      Customer Reviews:

                      5 out of 5 stars Enjoyable and encouraging - very worth reading........2006-10-29

                      I was looking for a book on team building for my department and found this book on accident as I took others off the shelf at the local library. I checked out five books that day and read them all - but this is the only one I renewed. I am on Amazon right now to purchase a copy of it to keep on MY shelf permanently.

                      Whether a manager, a supervisor or just a co-worker, we are often presented with performance problems in the work place. How to handle them in a way that will bring about change and not degrade morale of the group or the individual?? To me, that is what this book speaks to.

                      What can we do attain the performance we seek from our team?? We can coach, we can mentor, we can counsel. Which to do when and how? That is what this book presents in a very human and compassionate style. And when performance problems are the topic, we often let frustration, anger and exasperation rule the moment instead of what might FIX the issue - a coach, a mentor or a counselor.

                      This book will help you approach the team buidling aspect of work with a better attitude and some new ideas.

                      1 out of 5 stars Redundant, trivial compilation of lists, opinions and generalizations.......2005-07-12

                      It looked interesting when I saw it on the shelf, but unfortunately you cannot judge a book by its cover. Coaching, mentoring... is disapointing work which neither gives a "how to" set of instructions or provides interesting theoretical reflections on coaching. Mostly it is a book of trivial lists (the 10 values of a successful coach) and vacuous statements ("no coach has ever had the perfect team"; "support is tied to synergy"). And, you will search in vain for any empirical evidence that any of the authors assertions are true. Should have left this one on the shelf.

                      Legal Answer Book for Fund-Raisers Set, Set Contains: First and Second Legal Answer Books for Fund-Raisers 
                      Average customer rating: Not rated
                        Legal Answer Book for Fund-Raisers Set, Set Contains: First and Second Legal Answer Books for Fund-Raisers 
                        Bruce R. Hopkins
                        Manufacturer: Wiley
                        ProductGroup: Book
                        Binding: Paperback

                        GeneralGeneral | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
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                        ASIN: 047122622X
                        The Second Legal Answer Book for Fund-Raisers (Wiley Nonprofit Law, Finance and Management Series)
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                          The Second Legal Answer Book for Fund-Raisers (Wiley Nonprofit Law, Finance and Management Series)
                          Bruce R. Hopkins
                          Manufacturer: Wiley
                          ProductGroup: Book
                          Binding: Paperback

                          Nonprofit Organizations & CharitiesNonprofit Organizations & Charities | Industries & Professions | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
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                          GeneralGeneral | Law | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
                          ASIN: 0471387738

                          Book Description

                          Second to none in critical legal information for enhancing the results of charitable fund-raisers in the new millennium

                          As the competition for gifts grows increasingly intense in the new millennium, managers and fund-raisers for charitable organizations must learn how to work with tax and business law to optimize their return. Written by the leading legal authority on the law regulating charitable fund-raising, this companion to the indispensable First Legal Answer Book for Fund-Raisers provides more accessible approaches to understanding federal and state laws and offers additional solutions to enhance an organization's wealth and effectiveness. Bruce Hopkins clearly explains to fund-raisers the pertinent aspects of the law, enabling them to dramatically increase funding without legal missteps. He also thoroughly details the steps needed to solve the fund-raiser's most pressing legal headaches, including the troublesome intermediate sanctions rules, property valuation issues, the gift substantiation rules, disclosure requirements, estate planning, the securities and antitrust laws, IRS audits, and much more.

                          This book provides critical answers to fund-raisers' questions such as:

                          With its comprehensive coverage of the legal issues that charitable organizations engaging in fund-raising face, The Second Legal Answer Book for Fund-Raisers, combined with The First Legal Answer Book for Fund-Raisers, is a powerful resource-and first-choice reading that every fund-raiser must have.

                          www.wiley.com/nonprofit

                          Russia in Space: The Failed Frontier?
                          Average customer rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
                          • compares well to NASA
                          • A well researched and detailed history of Russia in Space
                          • Russia may very well hold the key to space
                          Russia in Space: The Failed Frontier?
                          Brian Harvey
                          Manufacturer: Springer
                          ProductGroup: Book
                          Binding: Paperback

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                          1. The Soviet Space Race With Apollo The Soviet Space Race With Apollo
                          2. China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight (Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration) China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight (Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration)
                          3. Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge
                          4. Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft (Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration) Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft (Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration)
                          5. The Rocket Men : Vostok and Voskhod, the First Soviet Manned Spaceflights The Rocket Men : Vostok and Voskhod, the First Soviet Manned Spaceflights

                          Accessories:
                          1. CCD Astrophotography: High-Quality Imaging from the Suburbs (Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series) CCD Astrophotography: High-Quality Imaging from the Suburbs (Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series)
                          2. Russian Planetary Exploration: History, Development, Legacy and Prospects (Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration) Russian Planetary Exploration: History, Development, Legacy and Prospects (Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration)
                          3. Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle (Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration) Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle (Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration)

                          ASIN: 1852332034

                          Book Description

                          This comprehensive history of the Russian Soviet space programme, from its origins to the present, addresses the technical, political, historical, human and organisational issues and provides a balanced focus on manned and unmanned programmes. It is the first book to access the Russian space programme over the ten-year period since the fall of communism and provide an historical and contemporary treatment.

                          Customer Reviews:

                          4 out of 5 stars compares well to NASA.......2007-01-26

                          For Americans, brought up on NASA's many successful exploits, this book gives a useful different perspective. Much of the narrative details the Soviet space achievements during the Cold War. And indeed, there were many notable firsts. From Sputnik to Vostok, Gagarin to Tereshkova, the Soviets made impressive strides. But Harvey shows that they also had their share of failures. From unmanned probes that got lost, to cosmonauts who perished.

                          Comparing the Russian and American space programs, you can see how the former played to their strengths. By emphasising massive launch capability (like the Proton and Energiya rockets) and a can-do attitude necessitated by small budgets, especially after the end of the Cold War. Arguably, the Americans had the most advanced vehicle, in the form of the Space Shuttles. But scarcely perfect, given 2 that were destroyed, and the lengthy regular maintenance costs even when matters were routine. The book also shows the deep experience of prolonged spaceflight that the Russians amassed, via their space station. Something the Americans largely gave up after Skylab was abandoned.

                          5 out of 5 stars A well researched and detailed history of Russia in Space.......2005-02-15

                          Brian Harvey has clearly done a tremendous amount of research to create "Russia in Space - The Failed Frontier?"

                          It does a great job of covering the manned, unmanned, military, and civilian space operations in the Soviet Union and Russian programs.

                          This is not a light read. It is more of an academic work with great detail on costs, system capabilities, and history.

                          There is a lot of detail on how the program changed when the USSR dissolved.

                          5 out of 5 stars Russia may very well hold the key to space.......2001-10-26

                          For those who think that NASA is the only way to go into space, read this excellent book, and you will see that the Soviets, and now Russia, really have an incredible history, and a bright future ahead, providing they can cope with their financial problems. The quality and imagination of the russian space program is incredible, and it would be a invaluable loss if it had to collapse completely... because it may very well be this program that will get us out of our craddle.

                          Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change with Online ChemSkill Builder v.2
                          Average customer rating: Not rated
                            Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change with Online ChemSkill Builder v.2
                            Martin Silberberg
                            Manufacturer: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math
                            ProductGroup: Book
                            Binding: Hardcover

                            General & ReferenceGeneral & Reference | Chemistry | Science | Subjects | Books
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                            2. Student Study Guide to Accompany Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter And Change Student Study Guide to Accompany Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter And Change
                            3. Student Solutions Manual for use with fourth edition Chemistry Student Solutions Manual for use with fourth edition Chemistry
                            4. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
                            5. Calculus Calculus

                            ASIN: 0073016535

                            Book Description

                            With each edition, Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change by Martin Silberberg is becoming a favorite among faculty and students. Silberberg’s 3rd edition contains features that make it the most comprehensive and relevant text for any student enrolled in General Chemistry. The text contains unprecedented macroscopic to microscopic molecular illustrations, consistent step-by-step worked exercises in every chapter, an extensive range of end-of-chapter problems which provide engaging applications covering a wide variety of freshman interests, including engineering, medicine, materials, and environmental studies. All of these qualities make Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change the centerpiece for any General Chemistry course.

                            Altruism & Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy & Religion in Dialogue
                            Average customer rating: 5 out of 5 stars
                            • A balanced debate between proponents and critics of evolutionary accounts of behavior
                            • Richly Diverse Essays on Other-Regard
                            Altruism & Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy & Religion in Dialogue
                            Stephen Garrard Post , Lynn G. Underwood , Jeffrey Schloss , and William B. Hurlbut
                            Manufacturer: Oxford University Press, USA
                            ProductGroup: Book
                            Binding: Hardcover

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                            1. Research on Altruism and Love: An Annotated Bibliography of Major Studies in Psychology, Sociology, Evolutionary Biology, and Theology Research on Altruism and Love: An Annotated Bibliography of Major Studies in Psychology, Sociology, Evolutionary Biology, and Theology
                            2. Unlimited Love: Altruism, Compassion, and Service Unlimited Love: Altruism, Compassion, and Service
                            3. Science of Love: The Wisdom of Well-Being Science of Love: The Wisdom of Well-Being
                            4. Why Good Things Happen to Good People: The Exciting New Research that Proves the Link Between Doing Good and Living a Longer, Healthier, Happier Life Why Good Things Happen to Good People: The Exciting New Research that Proves the Link Between Doing Good and Living a Longer, Healthier, Happier Life

                            ASIN: 0195143582

                            Book Description

                            The concept of altruism, or disinterested concern for another's welfare, has been discussed by everyone from theologians to psychologists to biologists. In this book, evolutionary, neurological, developmental, psychological, social, cultural, and religious aspects of altruistic behavior are examined. It is a collaborative examination of one of humanity's essential and defining characteristics by renowned researchers from various disciplines. Their integrative dialogue illustrates that altruistic behavior is a significant mode of expression that can be studied by various scholarly methods and understood from a variety of perspectives in both the humanities and the sciences. Altruism and Altruistic Love establishes a framework for scholarship on altruism by presenting definitions, a historical overview, a review of contemporary research, and debates in various disciplines, as well as a discussion of directions for future work.

                            Customer Reviews:

                            5 out of 5 stars A balanced debate between proponents and critics of evolutionary accounts of behavior.......2006-06-15

                            The concept of altruism, or disinterested concern for another's welfare, is a common human characteristic, and has been discussed by everyone from theologians to biologists. This volume brings together renowned researchers from various disciplines to examine the evolutionary, neurological, developmental, psychological, social, cultural, and religious aspects of altruistic behavior.

                            Altruism is most famously recognized as occurring within a biological family, often called kin-altruism. However in human societies altruism goes well beyond mere familial relations and is "widely lauded and is commonly considered the foundation for a moral life." (pg. 3) Altruism is recognized as affirmation and care for another person for their own benefit, regardless of how their benefit impinges upon one's own success.

                            But can true altruism be explained under evolutionary theory? E.O. Wilson claims that "Human behavior--like the deep capacities for emotional response which derive and guide it--is the circuitous technique by which human genetic material has been and will be kept intact. Morality has no other demonstrable function." Under this account, real altruism does not exist, for there is always some mechanistically based "selfish" behavior guiding any altruistic act.

                            For example, Darwinian philosopher Michael Ruse argues that a Darwinian interpretation of social behavior and of the morality that underlies it requires that they be reproductively beneficial. Thus Ruse writes that "all organisms including ourselves are the products of evolution" and "animal behavior must itself be subject to natural selection." (pg. 153) Natural selection often rewards cooperation; however, Ruse maintains that genetically "selfish" behaviors do not necessarily entail consciously selfish behavioral motives. But ultimately, these behaviors must exist due to an evolutionary past where they enabled their underlying genes to reproduce. Under evolution, "human moral behavior ... has to be such that it is going to serve the individual." (pg. 158). Under Ruse's view, "Darwinian evolutionary biology is nonprogressive, pointing away from the possibility of our knowing objective morality" and thus "Darwinian evolutionary theory leads one to a moral skepticism, a kind of moral nonrealism." (pg. 165)

                            Discovery Institute fellow Jeffrey P. Schloss argues that there are some behaviors that remain unaccounted for under Neo-Darwinism:
                            "Human beings often manifest radically sacrificial, consequentially altruistic behavior that reduces reproductive success without compensatory reciprocation or kinship benefit. Behaviors such as voluntary poverty, celibate orders of benevolence, Holocaust rescuers, and religious asceticism or martyrdom are examples in humans that have provoked reconceptualism or substantial refinement of evolutionary approaches to human altruism. And even less extreme behaviors, such as adoption of non-kin, anonymous philanthropy, and costly investment in reproductively inert endeavors such as art or funeral caches have stimulated the extension or nuancing of initial sociobiological accounts." (p. 221; internal citations omitted)

                            According to Schloss, highly sacrificial acts or reproductive sacrifice are unaccounted if "the calculus of biological benefit ... remains tied to fitness." (pg. 235) Schloss concludes that "in the last analysis, either we deny the existence or importance of the human propensity toward counterreproductive behavior or we invoke accounts of its origin that posit some measure of uncoupling from genomic evolution and concomitant transcendence of biological constraints." (pg. 235-236)

                            This is a lively debate that is unlikely to be settled soon. However, Altruism and Altruistic Love provides a wide range of views from leading thinkers in this diverse field.

                            5 out of 5 stars Richly Diverse Essays on Other-Regard.......2004-09-01

                            This volume includes the work of some of the leading figures in the science and religion love dialogue. The essays are the product of a conference entitled "Empathy, Altruism and Agape: Perspectives on Love in Science and Religion." Major funding for this 1999 conference came from the John Templeton Foundation and John Fetzer Institute.

                            "It is in the context of the dialogue between science, philosophy and spiritual traditions that this book addresses various views of the roles of altruism and egoism," writes editor Stephen G. Post (5). " Our intent in this book is to grapple honestly with current scientific questions about the existence of genuine altruism and to explore the nature of human other regarding motives and acts" (6). Among the tasks that the book addresses is the effort to understand better the emergence of altruism and empathy and how these contribute a greater capacity to love.

                            The book is organized into five sections. In the first, four essayists wrestle with the definitions of altruism, agape, and love. Elliott Sober defines altruistic behavior in his essay as enhancing the fitness of someone else at some cost in fitness to the donor. Sober's own position on the emergence of altruism and egoism is a pluralistic one in the sense that Sober recognizes that humans and other organisms have both egoistic and altruistic inclinations. Edith Wyschogrod writes as a phenomenologist who claims that moral experience begins with a claim upon the self to engage in other regarding acts. In this sense ethical meaning arises in the encounter with another human. Jerome Kagan, a psychologist, asserts that the human being is utterly unique emergent from evolution with a moral sense. It was with the evolution of the human brain that humans could evaluate vice and virtue. Stephen G. Post examines the tradition of agape in light of altruism and altruistic love. According to Post, altruistic love does not eclipse the care of the self, but it effectively affirms participation in the being of the other. "Altruism is other regarding, either with regard to actions or motivations; altruistic adds the features of deep affirmative affect to altruism; agape is altruistic love universalized all humanity as informed by theistic commitments" (56). Despite universalization, however, "agape forces us to honestly the ordering of our love and care with respect to both the nearest and the very neediest on the face of the earth" (59).

                            The second section of the book takes up the social scientific research and addresses this in this relationship to altruism and love. This section notes that observing or measuring motivations with regard to love is very difficult. Lynn Underwood addresses data from selected studies and attempts to map a conceptuality of love from the social science perspective. She wrestles with basic notions of love, self, context and freedom among other things. In his essay, C. Daniel Batson challenges the common assumption that all behavior is selfish. Batson's "empathy/altruism" hypothesis is that other-oriented emotional response evokes a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing the other's welfare. Batson looks at more than 25 experiments to distinguish between self-directed motives and truly altruistic motives. Batson says that the tentative conclusion from his studies is that feeling empathy for a person in need does evoke altruistic motivation to help that person.

                            Kristen Renwick Monroe defines altruism in terms of actions rather than motives. Monroe suggests that perception of the self in relation to others strongly affects decisions to be altruistic. Finally, Samuel Oliner analyzes altruistic behaviors of rescuers of Jews during WWII and volunteers working with the dying. He characterizes altruism as actions that are (1) directed toward another, (2) involve a high risk or sacrifice to the actor, (3) are accompanied by no external reward and (4) voluntary. After examining data of the two groups, both the rescuers and those involved in hospice, Oliner concludes that there is no single motivating explanation that triggers people to behave compassionately for the welfare of others. However, Gentile rescuers who risked their lives for Jews had learned compassion, caring norms, and responsibility for diverse others from parents and others in authority. Hospice volunteers exhibited a higher degree of intrinsic religiosity, despite a lower incidence of affiliation with mainstream religious traditions. Oliner suggests that social institutions, whether they be religious, educational or in the workplace, need to reconsider their roles and responsibilities so that they might foster kind and loving acts.

                            The third section of the book takes up the debates within evolutionary biology and psychology with regard to egoism and altruism. Michael Ruse outlines the genecentric sociobiological perspective on altruism. He asserts that a Darwinian interpretation of social behavior and morality requires that organisms be reproductively beneficial. Stephen Pope addresses the varieties of love from the perspective of theology and biology and speaks of an ordering of loves. Pope suggests that appropriate altruism comes out of who we are rather than being an imposition that occurs contrary to our deepest native needs and desires. "I believe the goods valued by both the moral egoists and the moral altruists can be assimilated and properly coordinated within a balanced interpretation of the ordering of love" (170). David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober consider the history of altruism and evolutionary biology. They note the fluctuation that the history of altruism has had but hope that altruism will find a permanent place in dominant evolutionary thinking.
                            Melvin Konner reviews data from evolutionary biology, primatology, and anthropology. He describes obstacles to altruism and notes that evolutionary theory makes most disinterested forms of altruism problematic. In particular, aggression in both non-humans and humans makes altruism problematic. Jeffrey P. Schloss surveys evolutionary approaches to human cooperative behavior and notes that the good news is that current theory is conciliate in its affirmation of that natural basis for genuine other regard within kinship or social groups. The challenging news, however, is that the counterpart of such affiliation is exclusion towards those outside those groups. There is no biological theory proposed for how out-group sacrifice and "love your enemy" altruism can come about. "If the struggle for existence is the engine of natural selection and survival of the fittest is the direction of travel, then those organisms that sacrifice their biological well-being for the good of another will be kicked off the train" (214).

                            The fourth section of the book considers the emotional aspects of altruistic love by focusing on the role of empathy in both humans and non-humans. This section discusses the evolutionary advantages of particular anatomical, physiological, and psychological developments. Essayists considers how developments in these fields provide a basis for varied forms of altruism. Neuroscientist Thomas Insel discusses his work in neurochemistry and neurophysiology in rodent species. His findings point to the possibility that in human beings subtle genetic variations may underlie individual differences in the capacity and inclination for attachment and other forms of altruistic behavior. Neurologist Antonio Damasio discusses evolutionary origins of emotions and feelings, their fundamental adaptive value, and the extension in the empathetic processes that allow human sociality and altruism. He notes that the emotions use the body as their theater. The foundational processes of emotion and feeling, coupled with an individual's ability to know of the existence of such emotions and feelings in the self and others, are the basis of what is best in humans, including conscience, ethical rules and the codification of law. Hanna Damasio discusses case reports of patients with damage to the portion of the brain that appear critical in the foundational processes of altruism. She concludes that there is a system in certain sections of the prefrontal cortex that is critical for the learning and maintenance of certain aspects of social behavior that pertain to interpersonal relationships. Damage to this results in defective decisions regarding altruism. Her work underscores the claim that the capacity for altruism has a physical foundation.

                            Primatologists Stephanie Preston and Frans deWaal consider the behaviors and linkage between humans and non-humans. They report on what appears to be a degree of cognitive empathy among the great apes. Empathy is a general class of behavior that exists across species to different degrees of complexity. The data from primatology warns against drawing demarcation lines between humans and other animals with respect to emotional aspects of empathy. The basis in emotional and social connectedness is crucial to an understanding of empathy and altruism because is creates the bridge between ultimate and proximate explanations and between philogeny and ontogeny. William B. Hurlbut concludes the section with his own chapter on empathy, evolution , and altruism. He claims that the beginning of sociality are seen even in the most primordial configurations of living matter. "Among the earliest lifeforms, organisms drew information from one another to pattern and coordinate such basic biological functions as reproduction and nourishment" (310). Empathy is a form of intersubjectivity in which the observer actually participates in the feelings of the other. Hurlbut notes that the idea the human life has a moral dimension and this is in some sense a product of the universe is at odds with prevailing scientific culture. To assert an objective ethical order within nature would be to affirm teleology, the reality of human freedom, and the unique status of our species. Hurlbut argues that "for all the controversy concerning the possibility of genuine generosity and altruistic love, at the levels of life, amid the sounds of the street and the strivings and struggles, there is everywhere, in small or greater degrees, the evidence of love. Many people, perhaps most, in some way give the effort and energy of their lives from a belief in love and the desire to build a better world. If there is a natural sentiment and hope, it is that love is real" (325).

                            The fifth section looks at altruistic love from a religious context. Don S. Browning suggests that evolutionary biology is moving religious thinkers toward a synthesis model in which love is understood as having both altruistic and egoistic aspects. Browning argues that the moral theologian "would finally ground the sacrificial element in love on the Christian's belief in the infinite value of the other and on the sense that some acts of self sacrifice are both willed and empowered by God, even though self-sacrifice, as such, might not be seen as the central goal of Christian love" (344). Gregory L. Fricchione interprets human religious expression as an outgrowth of evolutionary developments centered around separation and attachment theory. Fricchione claims "separation/attachment is a common referent conferring extensional identity across different conceptual levels of complexity" (354). Agape is a healthy synthesis of self-affirming/self-realizing love with self-giving love. Reuben L. F. Habito concludes the volume by speaking of compassion and love from a Buddhist perspective. The compassionate life from a Buddhist perspective is an outflow of the wisdom that truly sees the way things are. The view of reality that overcomes the separation of self and other. Habito suggests that Buddhism offers a valuable contribution in forging a common future as the earth community.

                            Thomas Jay Oord
                            Altruism and Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy, and Religion in Dialogue.(Book Review): An article from: Theological Studies
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                              Altruism and Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy, and Religion in Dialogue.(Book Review): An article from: Theological Studies
                              W.W. Meissner
                              Manufacturer: Theological Studies, Inc.
                              ProductGroup: Book
                              Binding: Digital

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                              ASIN: B0008DK7E8
                              Release Date: 2005-07-31

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                              This digital document is an article from Theological Studies, published by Theological Studies, Inc. on September 1, 2003. The length of the article is 821 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

                              Citation Details
                              Title: Altruism and Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy, and Religion in Dialogue.(Book Review)
                              Author: W.W. Meissner
                              Publication: Theological Studies (Refereed)
                              Date: September 1, 2003
                              Publisher: Theological Studies, Inc.
                              Volume: 64 Issue: 3 Page: 653(3)

                              Article Type: Book Review

                              Distributed by Thomson Gale
                              Altruism & Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy, & Religion in Dialogue
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                                Altruism & Altruistic Love: Science, Philosophy, & Religion in Dialogue
                                Stephen G. (Editor); Underwood, Lynn G. (Editor); Schloss, Jeffrey P. (Editor); Hurlbut, William B. (Editor) Post
                                Manufacturer: Oxford University Press
                                ProductGroup: Book
                                Binding: Hardcover
                                ASIN: B000O2QUGW

                                Sakharov Remembered: A Tribute by Friends and Colleagues
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                                  Sakharov Remembered: A Tribute by Friends and Colleagues
                                  Sidney D. Drell
                                  Manufacturer: AIP Press
                                  ProductGroup: Book
                                  Binding: Hardcover

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                                  ASIN: 0883188538

                                  Book Description

                                  Andrei Sakharov's death on 14 December 1989 shocked and saddened the world. This book presents a moving tribute to this extraordinary scientist and humanist by friends and colleagues from the Soviet Union and United States. Personal, opinionated, humorous, sometimes conflicting, the writings collected here disclose the personal side of this public figure and lay to rest some of the myths that have already begun to accrue.

                                  The Completely Guilty Bystander: A Collection of Casual Observations and One Seriously Dysfunctional Family
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                                    The Completely Guilty Bystander: A Collection of Casual Observations and One Seriously Dysfunctional Family
                                    Mark Gaberman
                                    Manufacturer: Writers Club Press
                                    ProductGroup: Book
                                    Binding: Paperback

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                                    ASIN: 0595093604

                                    Book Description

                                    After reading Whitman's Leaves of Grass, Robert Louis Stevenson called it "a book which tumbled the world upside down for me." Stevenson died in 1894, so we can only imagine what he might have thought of The Completely Guilty Bystander. Perhaps after leafing through stories such as "Grace Jones and the Garden of Eden", "Playing Doctor at the Reception" or "Mortal Combat with the Paper Pillow", Mr. Stevenson's view of the world might once again have spun dangerously out of control. Maybe Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde would have mentioned the hidden but surprisingly possible benefits of organized crime to the community. Or the desperate lengths a man will go to in the course of trying to get his phone service re-connected. The world can only be left to wonder if he even would have added a section on anger in everyday life and how it could relate back to TV's The Incredible Hulk. Of course, if Robert Louis Stevenson read those stories today, he'd be about 150 years old, so really, that act alone would have been very impressive.

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